The Revolution’s Echoes Music, Politics, and Pleasure in Guinea
by Nomi Dave
University of Chicago Press, 2019
Cloth: 978-0-226-65446-1 | Paper: 978-0-226-65463-8 | Electronic: 978-0-226-65477-5
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Music has long been an avenue for protest, seen as a way to promote freedom and equality, instill hope, and fight for change. Popular music, in particular, is considered to be an effective form of subversion and resistance under oppressive circumstances. But, as Nomi Dave shows us in The Revolution’s Echoes, the opposite is also true: music can often support, rather than challenge, the powers that be.

Dave introduces readers to the music supporting the authoritarian regime of former Guinean president Sékou Touré, and the musicians who, even long after his death, have continued to praise dictators and avoid dissent. Dave shows that this isn’t just the result of state manipulation; even in the absence of coercion, musicians and their audiences take real pleasure in musical praise of leaders. Time and again, whether in traditional music or in newer genres such as rap, Guinean musicians have celebrated state power and authority. With The Revolution’s Echoes, Dave insists that we must grapple with the uncomfortable truth that some forms of music choose to support authoritarianism, generating new pleasures and new politics in the process.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Nomi Dave is assistant professor of music at the University of Virginia. She previously trained as a human rights lawyer and worked on issues of refugee and immigrant rights and women’s rights in the United States and Guinea.

REVIEWS

“In The Revolution’s Echoes, Dave analyzes public pleasure as a structure of feeling at the heart of authoritarian aesthetics. Turning Adorno and others on their head, she shows that pleasure can be deeply political, not the erasure of politics. Guinean musicians’ artistic production, as well as their meaningful silences, challenge us to ask whether authoritarian systems are imposed from above by charismatic dictators, or rather are coauthored by the demands of ordinary people. The book illuminates Guinean politics and history and also has much to tell us about the intersection of politics and aesthetics in other parts of the world.”
— Mike McGovern, University of Michigan, author of "A Socialist Peace? Explaining the Absence of War in an African Country"

The Revolution’s Echoes is a breakaway ethnography that goes beyond conventional wisdom about popular music and power in contemporary Africa. Dense with information, yet beautifully written, this book is sensitive and unsettling, shedding light on the way that popular forms of cultural intimacy and public pleasure articulate with complex systems of authoritarian rule. This monograph contains valuable insight about cultural politics in Sékou Touré’s Guinea, with a thoughtful broad brush that effortlessly navigates across genres and generations of popular music in Guinea. But it is about much more than music, with breathtaking description of how musicians participate in the politics of naming and how the voicing of praise has had repercussions well beyond the heady years of the revolution. Dave’s analysis points to a culture of forbearance and discretion, not silence, but quietness, and examines how local artists and audiences go beyond the literal characteristic of lyrics to express something deeper about their relationship to the state and to their compatriots. This book shows us why popular music matters and why long-term ethnographic fieldwork is probably the best way to account for it complexity. This book is a must read for anyone interested in the politics of culture in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa and in music as a window onto the human condition.”
— Bob W. White, Université de Montréal, author of "Rumba Rules: The Politics of Dance Music in Mobutu’s Zaire"

"In this rich and multilayered book, the author takes us on a journey through time, describing the complex relationship between music and the politics over the lifetime of an authoritarian state as it developed in Guinea. At independence in 1958, Guinea reminded itself of the centuries of history and tradition embedded within. Some of that was employed to forge a new identity for the new nation, with music taking center stage. Dave traces that process expertly but also delves underneath the surface to point at the way in which tradition, especially Mande tradition, informs the way musicians relate to the powerful. This has been done before but often in rather simplistic black-and-white terms. . . . Dave reveals the subtleties and complexities underneath. . . . A great contribution to a better understanding of how musicians survive and work in interaction with power."
— Bram Posthumus, Songlines

"In this well-crafted monograph, Dave examines 'the aesthetics of authoritarianism through a study of music and performance in Guinea,' focusing on people and events in the capital city of Conakry during the First Republic (1958–84) and from 2009 to 2016."
— Ethnomusicology

TABLE OF CONTENTS


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0001
[pleasure;political music;Guinea;naming;recognition]
This introduction sets out the two key arguments for the book. The first is that pleasure operates as a constitutive force in public life, generating alliances and allegiances and shaping sociopolitical relations. The second key argument interrogates pervasive assumptions about political music as a form of resistance and opposition, and instead calls for a less romanticized view. This chapter also introduces readers to Guinea and its history, and addresses theories of recognition in understanding local practices of naming, voice, quietness, and expressive ambiguity. It concludes with a brief discussion of methodology and ethics relating to the study of pleasure in a context of violence, poverty, and dictatorship.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0002
[Guinean Cultural Revolution;Sekou Toure;Bembeya Jazz;voice;panafricanism]
This chapter examines the development of popular nationalist music during the Guinean Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and introduces first president, Ahmed Sékou Touré, as well as the state-sponsored musicians who promoted his vision. The analysis focuses on the role of sound, music, and, in particular, voice in producing and maintaining Touré’s revolutionary ideology. Through ‘sounded authority’, Touré’s voice was amplified, reproduced, broadcast, and imitated as the highest source of power. Moreover, an elaborate system of state-sponsored competitions sanctioned the official version of revolutionary Guinean culture. The narrative focuses on the national dance band Bembeya Jazz and its participation in the 1969 Pan-African Cultural Festival in Algiers, as well as an analysis of voice and authority in the song ‘Regard Sur le Passé’. The chapter considers how joyfulness, collectivity, and effervescence found room within a violent culture of control; and how playful yet intense competition between musicians existed within a collectivist, socialist ideology as musicians pursued their own goals.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0003
[post socialism;nostalgia;cultural policy;memory;military coup]
This chapter examines the ‘afterlife’ of revolutionary Guinean music, considering official and popular memories of the Revolution today. It revisits Bembeya Jazz in 2009 after a coup d'etat in Guinea, encountering the once-revolutionary musicians as old men, and examines the attempts of a new military regime to appropriate their earlier music.It considers how sounded fragments of the Revolution continue to reverberate today. The narrative centers on Bembeya Jazz’s role in the ‘new’ cultural policy, and on the re-circulation of their 1968 song ‘Armée Guinéenne’. The discussion describes the musicians’ hopes in this process, as well as their sense of marginalization and uncertainty as the Revolution is publicly contested. Through the lens of post-socialism, this chapter explores nostalgia to show how pleasures of recognition become distorted and complicated.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0004
[praise singing;voice;vocal aesthetics;naming]
This chapter examines the role of pleasure in praise performance, focusing in particularly on the voice and vocal aesthetics. It also continues discussion of the importance of naming and self-recognition. The narrative focuses on the flood of praise songs that greeted the new military regime in 2009. It addresses the changing role of hereditary praise musicians today, presenting commonly aired debates about wealth and excess in performance. It then examines an instance of live performance to consider how pleasure is created and felt in the moment. The analysis also focuses on the 2009 song ‘CNDD la mansaya’ by Kerfala Kanté. It explores local interpretations of vocal timbre and their associations with notions of truthfulness, in which a smooth, sweet voice is morally suspect while a rough one is authoritative. The chapter connects this idea to aesthetics of concealment and secrecy, and argues that understanding this dynamic allows for both pleasure and estrangement from performance.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0005
[quietness;political violence;protest;urban traditional music]
This chapter foregrounds the notion of expressive quietness and ambiguity – and of when not to name – in Guinean musical and political culture today. It focuses on a relatively new genre of youth-oriented urban traditional music and its link to ideologies of youth, innovation, and rebelliousness, both historically and today. The narrative focuses on the increasing volatility of the Guinean military regime in 2009, culminating in an act of large-scale political violence. It examines the build-up of popular anger against the military regime in 2009, and the corresponding silence of musicians, both young and old. It also examines the emergence of a new voice of public protest in recent years, heard on the street and over the radio, and highlighting political quietness in music.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0006
[democratic transition;elections;protest;displeasure;praise singing]
This chapter analyzes new types of naming that are emerging and the shifting landscape since the country’s first-ever democratic elections in 2010. Considering the recent rise in public political participation and debate in Guinea, as well as the emergence of a number of explicit protest songs, it investigates ‘displeasure’ as both official anger at the new anti-government songs, and as a loss of popular pleasure as the dynamics of praise-singing become increasingly problematic. The chapter examines not just the emergence of protest but crucially the search for pleasure by musicians and listeners, in this new, uncertain moment. The narrative focuses on the strategic, shifting allegiances of the popular reggae star Takana Zion who released an incendiary attack against the president in 2013.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.003.0007
[authoritarianism;neoliberalism;Ebola;memory;self recognition]
This chapter considers the ways in which the lines between authoritarianism and democracy and between the past and the present remain blurred in Guinea today. It considers the new role of the private sector in neoliberal cultural initiatives, as illustrated by two concerts held to celebrate the end of the Ebola epidemic in Guinea in 2015. It also notes the continuing endurance of praise singing and musical practices rooted in tradition, collective pride, and cultural memory. It concludes the book with a call to understand authoritarianism from the bottom-up, as a system of power that ordinary people at times invest with meaning and feeling, while also asking how pleasure and aesthetics might create and sustain a different kind of politics in Guinea and a new sense of self-recognition for Guineans in the future.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...