Contents
A Note to Students
Preface
Part I. Research and Writing / Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. FitzGerald
Overview of Part I
1.1 What Research Is
1.2 How Researchers Think about Their Aims
1.3 Conversing with Your Readers
2. Defining a Project: Topic, Question, Problem, Working Hypothesis
2.1 Find a Question in Your Topic
2.2 Understanding Research Problems
2.3 Propose a Working Hypothesis
2.4 Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work
2.5 Join or Organize a Writing Group
3. Finding Useful Sources
3.1 Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
3.2 Search for Sources Systematically
3.3 Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability
3.5 Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately
4. Engaging Your Sources
4.1 Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage
4.2 Take Notes Systematically
4.3 Take Useful Notes
4.4 Review Your Progress
4.5 Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
5. Constructing Your Argument
5.1 What a Research Argument Is and Is Not
5.3 Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim
5.4 Assemble the Elements of Your Argument
5.5 Prefer Arguments Based on Evidence to Arguments Based on Warrants
5.6 Assemble an Argument
6.1 Avoid Unhelpful Plans
6.2 Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers’ Needs
6.3 File Away Leftovers
7. Drafting Your Paper
7.2 Develop Effective Writing Habits
7.4 Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately
7.5 Integrate Quotations into Your Text
7.6 Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously
7.8 Be Open to Surprises
7.9 Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism
7.10 Guard against Inappropriate Assistance
7.11 Work Through Chronic Procrastination and Writer’s Block
8.1 Choose Verbal or Visual Representations of Your Data
8.2 Choose the Most Effective Graphic
8.3 Design Tables and Figures
8.4 Communicate Data Ethically
9. Revising Your Draft
9.3 Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent
9.5 Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It
10. Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion
10.1 Draft Your Final Introduction
10.2 Draft Your Final Conclusion
10.3 Write Your Title Last
11. Revising Sentences
11.1 Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence
11.2 Diagnose What You Read
11.3 Choose the Right Word
11.5 Give It Up and Turn It In
12.1 Two Kinds of Feedback: Advice and Data
12.2 Find General Principles in Specific Comments
12.3 Talk with Your Reader
13.1 Plan Your Oral Presentation
13.2 Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To
13.3 Plan Your Poster Presentation
13.4 Plan Your Conference Proposal
14. On the Spirit of Research
Part II. Source Citation
15.1 Reasons for Citing Your Sources
15.2 The Requirements of Citation
15.3 Two Citation Styles
15.4 Electronic Sources
15.5 Preparation of Citations
15.6 Citation Management Tools
16. Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form
16.1 Basic Patterns
16.2 Bibliographies
16.3 Notes
16.4 Short Forms for Notes
17. Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources
17.1 Books
17.2 Journal Articles
17.3 Magazine Articles
17.4 Newspaper Articles
17.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
17.6 Interviews and Personal Communications
17.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
17.8 Older Works and Sacred Works
17.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations
17.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
17.11 Public Documents
18. Author-Date Style: The Basic Form
18.1 Basic Patterns
18.2 Reference Lists
18.3 Parenthetical Citations
19. Author-Date Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources
19.1 Books
19.2 Journal Articles
19.3 Magazine Articles
19.4 Newspaper Articles
19.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
19.6 Interviews and Personal Communications
19.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
19.8 Older Works and Sacred Works
19.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations
19.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
19.11 Public Documents
Part III. Style
20. Spelling
20.1 Plurals
20.2 Possessives
20.3 Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes
20.4 Line Breaks
21. Punctuation
21.1 Periods
21.2 Commas
21.3 Semicolons
21.4 Colons
21.7 Hyphens and Dashes
21.9 Slashes
21.12 Multiple Punctuation Marks
22.1 Names
22.2 Special Terms
22.3 Titles of Works
23. Numbers
23.1 Words or Numerals?
23.2 Plurals and Punctuation
23.3 Date Systems
23.4 Numbers Used outside the Text
24. Abbreviations
24.1 General Principles
24.2 Names and Titles
24.3 Geographical Terms
24.4 Time and Dates
24.6 The Bible and Other Sacred Works
24.7 Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts
25. Quotations
25.2 Incorporating Quotations into Your Text
25.3 Modifying Quotations
26. Tables and Figures
26.1 General Issues
26.2 Tables
26.3 Figures
A.1 General Format Requirements
A.2 Format Requirements for Specific Elements
Appendix: Paper Format and Submission
A.3 File Preparation and Submission Requirements
Bibliography
Authors
Index