Abbreviations, Time Scale, and Conversions
Preface
Protocols and Organization
References
Introduction
References
Additional References
Part I: Boreal Land Bridges
Bering Land Bridge
Beringia
Background
References
Additional References
One / West Beringia: Siberia and Kamchatka
Siberia
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
Kamchatka
Geographic Setting and Climate
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
References
Additional References
Two / East Beringia: Alaska, Northwestern North America, and the Aleutian Connection
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
Utilization of the Bering Land Bridge
Peopling of America (from the West)
References
Additional References
Three / North Atlantic Land Bridge: Northeastern North America, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Islands, Northwestern Europe
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Modern Vegetation
Utilization of the North Atlantic Land Bridge
Modernization of the Flora
Biodiversity and Vegetation Density
Floristic Relationships between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America
Geofloras and the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis
Indigenous People
Peopling of America (from the East)
References
Additional References
Part II: Equatorial Land Bridges
Four / Antillean Land Bridge
Stepping Stones or Lost Highway
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
Utilization of the Antillean Land Bridge
References
Additional References
Five / Central American Land Bridge
South and North of the CALB
Geographic Setting and Climate
Forging the Final Link: Geology
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
Utilization of the CALB
References
Additional References
Part III: Austral Land Bridge
Six / Magellan Land Bridge: Cono del Sur and Antarctica
Cono del Sur
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Modern Vegetation
Indigenous People
Peopling of South America (from the North)
Antarctica
Geographic Setting and Climate
Geology
Land Bridges and Island Biogeography
Utilization of the Magellan Land Bridge
Cono del Sur
Antarctica
References
Additional References
Seven / Case Studies
Ferns and Allied Groups
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
References
Additional References
Eight / Summary and Conclusions
Events, Processes, and Responses
Bering Land Bridge
North Atlantic Land Bridge
Antillean Land Bridge
Central American Land Bridge
Magellan Land Bridge
Conceptual Issues and Future Needs
References
Additional References (Conservation)
Additional References (Selected Classical Literature)
Acknowledgments
Index