ABOUT THIS BOOK

Discerning Experts assesses the assessments that many governments rely on to help guide environmental policy and action. Through their close look at environmental assessments involving acid rain, ozone depletion, and sea level rise, the authors explore how experts deliberate and decide on the scientific facts about problems like climate change. They also seek to understand how the scientists involved make the judgments they do, how the organization and management of assessment activities affects those judgments, and how expertise is identified and constructed.

Discerning Experts uncovers factors that can generate systematic bias and error, and recommends how the process can be improved. As the first study of the internal workings of large environmental assessments, this book reveals their strengths and weaknesses, and explains what assessments can—and cannot—be expected to contribute to public policy and the common good.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Michael Oppenheimer is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs at Princeton University. Naomi Oreskes is professor of the history of science at Harvard University. Dale Jamieson is professor of environmental studies and philosophy at New York University. Keynyn Brysse is a historian of science with a focus on the history of paleontology. Jessica O’Reilly is an assistant professor of international studies at Indiana University Bloomington. Matthew Shindell is a space history curator at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. Milena Wazeck is a historian of science and the author of Einstein’s Opponents.

REVIEWS

"What do the ozone layer, the Antarctic ice sheet, and acid rain have in common? All are sites of scientific 'assessments': prolonged, focused, collaborative, and often international work of experts. The thousands of pages of reports they draft offer the hope of summarizing scientific findings, extending scientific questions, and recommending policy outcomes. But do the elusive dream of consensus and fear of accusations of political bias produce watered down policy? Or should scientists be bolder in their assessments of impending disasters? Combining the insights of science, policy, and science studies, this valuable book offers a guide for experts of all kinds navigating the always messy world of policy-relevant science."

— Janet Vertesi, Princeton University

"This book is a must-read for scientists and leaders of ongoing assessments, because it showcases the dilemma between consolidated knowledge, communicated as consensus, and challenges of uncertainties associated with emerging science."

— Thomas Stocker, University of Bern, Co-Chair of IPCC from 2008 to 2015

"This is the first major study of what scientists actually do when they 'assess' in an assessment. It makes graphic how the development and assessment of scientific knowledge are interwoven and the vexed production of 'policy-ready knowledge' from this. Altogether a rich, original, and thought-provoking work."

— Nancy Cartwright, Durham University

"The book is rich with insights about the ways assessments contribute to the agendas of science and policy, often in unintended ways. Reading it can improve the contribution of every scientist thinking of working on an assessment and the value obtained by every policymaker planning to use one."

— Chris Field, Stanford University, co-chair of IPCC WGII, 2008-2015

"A meticulously researched study . . . . Oppenheimer et al. have produced what is essentially an assessment of assessments, and so its syntheses of insights across the case-study chapters add new knowledge even while they validate old knowledge that had formerly been largely anecdotal for most of us. This volume is therefore essential reading for participants of any large environmental assessment. . . . Discerning Experts is not exactly the ‘first’ comparative study of multiple assessments, but it is an important one because of the extraordinary quality of its documentation and analysis as well as its clever creation of critical and instructive diversity across its three case studies. . . . Natural and physical scientists will see how their work can be transmitted across humanity to help inform opinion about what is going on and perhaps what to do—on the basis of rigorous science. Perhaps, the largest value will be found among the young scholars who do their homework after being invited to participate in their first assessment. After they read this volume, they will understand what to expect and why their signing on is a valuable investment of their time."

— Climatic Change

"This book provides an essential examination of the factors that shape and dictate our climate policy."

— Choice

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface
List of Abbreviations

1 The Need for Expert Judgment
2 Assessing Acid Rain in the United States: The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
3 Assessing Ozone Depletion
4 Assessing the Ice: Sea Level Rise Predictions for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 1981–2007
5 Patrolling the Science/Policy Border
6 What Assessments Do
Conclusion

List of Interviews
Notes
Bibliography
Index

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