Contents
Introduction
1 What Every Paleontologist Knows
	An Introductory Example
	Testimonials to Common Knowledge
	Darwinian Solutions and Paradoxes
		The Paradox of Insulation from Disproof
		The Paradox of Stymied Practice
2 The Primary Claims of Punctuated Equilibrium
	Data and Definitions
		Microevolutionary Links
	Macroevolutionary Implications
		Tempo and the Significance of Stasis
		Mode and the Speciational Foundation of Macroevolution
3 The Scientific Debate on Punctuated Equilibrium: Critiques and Responses
	Critiques Based on the Definability of Paleontological Species
		Empirical Affirmation
		Reasons for a Potential Systematic Underestimation of Biospecies by 
Paleospecies
		Reasons for a Potential Systematic Overestimation of Biospecies by 
Paleospecies
		Reasons Why an Observed Punctuational Pattern Might Not Represent 
Speciation
	Critiques Based on Denying Events of Speciation as the Primary Locus of Change
	Critiques Based on Supposed Failures of Empirical Results to Affirm Predictions 
of Punctuated Equilibrium
		Claims for Empirical Refutation by Cases
			Phenotypes
			Genotypes
		Empirical Tests of Conformity with Models
4 Sources of Data for Testing Punctuated Equilibrium
	Preamble
	The Equilibrium in Punctuated Equilibrium: Quantitatively Documented Patterns 
of Stasis in Unbranched Segments of Lineages
	The Punctuations of Punctuated Equilibrium: Tempo and Mode in the Origin of 
Paleospecies
		The Inference of Cladogenesis by the Criterion of Ancestral Survival
		The "Dissection" of Punctuations to Infer Both Existence and Modality
			Time
			Geography
			Morphometric Mode
	Proper and Adequate Tests of Relative Frequencies: The Strong Empirical 
Validation of Punctuated Equilibrium
		The Indispensability of Data on Relative Frequencies
		Relative Frequencies for Higher Taxa in Entire Biotas
		Relative Frequencies for Entire Clades
		Causal Clues from Differential Patterns of Relative Frequencies
5 The Broader Implications of Punctuated Equilibrium for Evolutionary Theory and 
General Notions of Change
	What Changes May Punctuated Equilibrium Instigate in Our Views about 
Evolutionary Mechanisms and the History of Life?
		The Explanation and Broader Meaning of Stasis
			Frequency
			Generality
			Causality
		Punctuation, the Origin of New Macroevolutionary Individuals, and 
Resulting Implications for Evolutionary Theory
			Trends
			The Speciational Reformulation of Macroevolution
			Ecological and Higher-Level Extensions
	Punctuation All the Way Up and Down? The Generalization and Broader Utility 
of Punctuated Equilibrium (in More Than a Metaphorical Sense) at Other Levels of 
Evolution, and for Other Disciplines In and Outside the Natural Sciences
		General Models for Punctuated Equilibrium
		Punctuational Change at Other Levels and Scales of Evolution
			A Preliminary Note on Homology and Analogy in the Conceptual 
Realm
			Punctuation Below the Species Level
			Punctuation Above the Species Level
		Punctuational Models in Other Disciplines: Towards a General Theory of 
Change
			Principles for a Choice of Examples
			Examples from the History of Human Artifacts and Cultures
			Examples from Human Institutions and Theories about the Natural 
World
			Two Concluding Examples, a General Statement, and a Coda
Appendix: A Largely Sociological (and Fully Partisan) History of the Impact and 
Critique of Punctuated Equilibrium
	The Entrance of Punctuated Equilibrium into Common Language and General 
Culture
	An Episodic History of Punctuated Equilibrium
		Early Stages and Future Contexts
		Creationist Misappropriation of Punctuated Equilibrium
		Punctuated Equilibrium in Journalism and Textbooks
	The Personal Aspect of Professional Reaction
		The Case Ad Hominem against Punctuated Equilibrium
		An Interlude on Sources of Error
		The Wages of Jealousy
			The Descent to Nastiness
			The Most Unkindest Cut of All
			The Wisdom of Agassiz's and von Baer's Threefold History of 
Scientific Ideas
			A Coda on the Kindness and Generosity of Most Colleagues
Notes
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
Index