A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring and the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785
by Michael G. Chang
Harvard University Press, 2007 Cloth: 978-0-674-02454-0 Library of Congress Classification DS754.82.C47 2007 Dewey Decimal Classification 951.032
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Between 1751 and 1784, the Qianlong emperor embarked upon six southern tours, traveling from Beijing to Jiangnan and back. These tours were exercises in political theater that took the Manchu emperor through one of the Qing empire's most prosperous regions.
This study elucidates the tensions and the constant negotiations characterizing the relationship between the imperial center and Jiangnan, which straddled the two key provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Politically, economically, and culturally, Jiangnan was the undisputed center of the Han Chinese world; it also remained a bastion of Ming loyalism and anti-Manchu sentiment. How did the Qing court constitute its authority and legitimate its domination over this pivotal region? What were the precise terms and historical dynamics of Qing rule over China proper during the long eighteenth century?
In the course of addressing such questions, this study also explores the political culture within and through which High Qing rule was constituted and contested by a range of actors, all of whom operated within socially and historically structured contexts. The author argues that the southern tours occupied a central place in the historical formation of Qing rule during a period of momentous change affecting all strata of the eighteenth-century polity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Tables and Figures 000
Abbreviations 000
Note on Transcription and Dating
Conventions 000
Introduction 1
Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire: A Model
for Premodern
State-Formation / 11
Ethnically (Ideologically) Imbued
Patrimonialism / 14
Lineages of the Qing Ethno-Dynastic
State / 18
Imperial Touring and the Historical
Formation of Qing Rule / 27
1 Historical Precedents & the
Multivalence of Imperial Touring 34
Touring, Hunting, and Warfare in
Antiquity / 38
The "Civil-ization" of Touring During
the Warring States Period / 41
Touring as a Point of Monarchical-
Bureaucratic Tension / 45
Imperial Bureaucracy and the Denigration
of Touring / 50
Imperial Confederacy and the Persistence
of Seasonal Sojourning / 55
Imperial Touring in the Ming / 65
Conclusion / 71
2"Following Ancestors": The Ethno-
Dynastic Imperative
of Imperial Touring, 1680s & 1740s 72
Remonstrance & Response, I: Kangxi's
First Imperial Tour,
1668-71 / 75
Kangxi's Revival of Imperial Touring,
1680s: A Classical Model? / 79
Qianlong's Revival of Imperial Touring,
1740s: A Family Romance / 87
Remonstrance & Response, II: A Han
Censor's Protest, December
1758 / 103
Qianlong's Commentary on Togh¿n Tem¿r,
1767: The Echoes
of History / 108
Conclusion / 111
3Putting a Court on Horseback: The
Logistics & Politics
of a Moving Court 114
The Imperial Entourage and the Tour
Route / 114
Directing the Imperial Encampment: A
Bannerman's Affair / 118
Encampments as an Emblem of Martial
Prowess / 128
Mobilizing the Provinces on a Military
Scale / 139
Managing Popular Perceptions of the
Southern Tours / 141
Conclusion / 156
4The Perils of Peace & the Politics of
Empire: Wars,
Tours, & Military Readiness 160
Qianlong's Valorization of Martial
Values, 1785 / 161
Fears of Banner Decline, 1670s-1730s /
167
The Early Qianlong Military Crisis,
1730s-1740s / 170
Imperial Tours as a Manchu-Martial
Habitus / 178
A Crisis of Leadership and the
Persistence of Banner
Decline, 1750s / 196
The Southern Tours & the Dzungar
Problem, 1750s / 199
Empire & Martial Triumphalism on the
Southern
Tours, 1762 / 206
Conclusion / 216
5"Returning to Purity & Simplicity": The
Southern Tours
& Intra-Elite Competition in an Age of
Commercialization 219
Cultivating Commercial Wealth / 220
The Imperial Discourse on Curbing
Extravagance / 236
Literati Anxiety and the Appropriation
of Imperial Discourse / 246
Conclusion / 258
6The Southern Tours as Cultural
Encompassment: The
Valorization of Verse & the
Accommodation of Han Learning 260
Special Recruitment Examinations: An
Overview / 261
Courting Elites Via the Valorization of
Poetry and Painting / 265
Shen Deqian as a Cultural Broker in
Suzhou / 271
Suzhou's Ziyang Academy and the
Accommodation of
Han Learning / 280
The Ambiguities of Accommodation / 297
Conclusion / 302
7The Poetics & Politics of Qianlong's
Encounter with Jiangnan 305
The Prospect of Pleasure: Imperial
Ambivalence / 306
A Tension Within Elite Culture: The
Eighteenth-Century
Denigration of a "Lyric Vision" / 316
Reading Qianlong's Southern Tour Poetry
/ 322
First Engagements: Defining "The Meaning
of Jiangnan"
in Jiangbei / 324
Encountering Jinshan, I: Engendering the
Landscape
& Disavowing Desire / 332
Encountering Jinshan, II: Mediating &
Framing the Lyric
Vision of a Moonlit River / 337
The Deepening Encounter: Declarations of
Diligence as a
Repudiation of Pleasure / 348
A Legitimating Discourse: "Observing the
People"
from Horseback / 353
Conclusion / 363
8Popular Perceptions & the Primacy of
Ethno-Dynastic
Politics, 1765-1785 366
Revisiting Qianlong's Hydraulic Thesis /
367
The Primacy of Politics, 1770s / 376
The Erosion of Ethno-Dynastic
Legitimacy, 1765-78 / 380
An Ethno-Dynastic Response: The
Resurgence of Imperial
Touring, 1780-85 / 409
Conclusion / 421
Epilogue: Imperial Touring at the Last425
Ethnicity & the Historical Dynamics of
Qing Rule / 432
Appendixes
AA Note on Provincial Preparations for
Qianlong's
Southern Tours 441
BAn Estimate of the Overall Costs for
Qianlong's
Southern Tours 451
CSouthern Tour Recruitment Examinations:
A
Quantitative Analysis 466
Reference Matter
Works Cited 473
Chinese Character List 502
Index
525
A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring and the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785
by Michael G. Chang
Harvard University Press, 2007 Cloth: 978-0-674-02454-0
Between 1751 and 1784, the Qianlong emperor embarked upon six southern tours, traveling from Beijing to Jiangnan and back. These tours were exercises in political theater that took the Manchu emperor through one of the Qing empire's most prosperous regions.
This study elucidates the tensions and the constant negotiations characterizing the relationship between the imperial center and Jiangnan, which straddled the two key provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Politically, economically, and culturally, Jiangnan was the undisputed center of the Han Chinese world; it also remained a bastion of Ming loyalism and anti-Manchu sentiment. How did the Qing court constitute its authority and legitimate its domination over this pivotal region? What were the precise terms and historical dynamics of Qing rule over China proper during the long eighteenth century?
In the course of addressing such questions, this study also explores the political culture within and through which High Qing rule was constituted and contested by a range of actors, all of whom operated within socially and historically structured contexts. The author argues that the southern tours occupied a central place in the historical formation of Qing rule during a period of momentous change affecting all strata of the eighteenth-century polity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Tables and Figures 000
Abbreviations 000
Note on Transcription and Dating
Conventions 000
Introduction 1
Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire: A Model
for Premodern
State-Formation / 11
Ethnically (Ideologically) Imbued
Patrimonialism / 14
Lineages of the Qing Ethno-Dynastic
State / 18
Imperial Touring and the Historical
Formation of Qing Rule / 27
1 Historical Precedents & the
Multivalence of Imperial Touring 34
Touring, Hunting, and Warfare in
Antiquity / 38
The "Civil-ization" of Touring During
the Warring States Period / 41
Touring as a Point of Monarchical-
Bureaucratic Tension / 45
Imperial Bureaucracy and the Denigration
of Touring / 50
Imperial Confederacy and the Persistence
of Seasonal Sojourning / 55
Imperial Touring in the Ming / 65
Conclusion / 71
2"Following Ancestors": The Ethno-
Dynastic Imperative
of Imperial Touring, 1680s & 1740s 72
Remonstrance & Response, I: Kangxi's
First Imperial Tour,
1668-71 / 75
Kangxi's Revival of Imperial Touring,
1680s: A Classical Model? / 79
Qianlong's Revival of Imperial Touring,
1740s: A Family Romance / 87
Remonstrance & Response, II: A Han
Censor's Protest, December
1758 / 103
Qianlong's Commentary on Togh¿n Tem¿r,
1767: The Echoes
of History / 108
Conclusion / 111
3Putting a Court on Horseback: The
Logistics & Politics
of a Moving Court 114
The Imperial Entourage and the Tour
Route / 114
Directing the Imperial Encampment: A
Bannerman's Affair / 118
Encampments as an Emblem of Martial
Prowess / 128
Mobilizing the Provinces on a Military
Scale / 139
Managing Popular Perceptions of the
Southern Tours / 141
Conclusion / 156
4The Perils of Peace & the Politics of
Empire: Wars,
Tours, & Military Readiness 160
Qianlong's Valorization of Martial
Values, 1785 / 161
Fears of Banner Decline, 1670s-1730s /
167
The Early Qianlong Military Crisis,
1730s-1740s / 170
Imperial Tours as a Manchu-Martial
Habitus / 178
A Crisis of Leadership and the
Persistence of Banner
Decline, 1750s / 196
The Southern Tours & the Dzungar
Problem, 1750s / 199
Empire & Martial Triumphalism on the
Southern
Tours, 1762 / 206
Conclusion / 216
5"Returning to Purity & Simplicity": The
Southern Tours
& Intra-Elite Competition in an Age of
Commercialization 219
Cultivating Commercial Wealth / 220
The Imperial Discourse on Curbing
Extravagance / 236
Literati Anxiety and the Appropriation
of Imperial Discourse / 246
Conclusion / 258
6The Southern Tours as Cultural
Encompassment: The
Valorization of Verse & the
Accommodation of Han Learning 260
Special Recruitment Examinations: An
Overview / 261
Courting Elites Via the Valorization of
Poetry and Painting / 265
Shen Deqian as a Cultural Broker in
Suzhou / 271
Suzhou's Ziyang Academy and the
Accommodation of
Han Learning / 280
The Ambiguities of Accommodation / 297
Conclusion / 302
7The Poetics & Politics of Qianlong's
Encounter with Jiangnan 305
The Prospect of Pleasure: Imperial
Ambivalence / 306
A Tension Within Elite Culture: The
Eighteenth-Century
Denigration of a "Lyric Vision" / 316
Reading Qianlong's Southern Tour Poetry
/ 322
First Engagements: Defining "The Meaning
of Jiangnan"
in Jiangbei / 324
Encountering Jinshan, I: Engendering the
Landscape
& Disavowing Desire / 332
Encountering Jinshan, II: Mediating &
Framing the Lyric
Vision of a Moonlit River / 337
The Deepening Encounter: Declarations of
Diligence as a
Repudiation of Pleasure / 348
A Legitimating Discourse: "Observing the
People"
from Horseback / 353
Conclusion / 363
8Popular Perceptions & the Primacy of
Ethno-Dynastic
Politics, 1765-1785 366
Revisiting Qianlong's Hydraulic Thesis /
367
The Primacy of Politics, 1770s / 376
The Erosion of Ethno-Dynastic
Legitimacy, 1765-78 / 380
An Ethno-Dynastic Response: The
Resurgence of Imperial
Touring, 1780-85 / 409
Conclusion / 421
Epilogue: Imperial Touring at the Last425
Ethnicity & the Historical Dynamics of
Qing Rule / 432
Appendixes
AA Note on Provincial Preparations for
Qianlong's
Southern Tours 441
BAn Estimate of the Overall Costs for
Qianlong's
Southern Tours 451
CSouthern Tour Recruitment Examinations:
A
Quantitative Analysis 466
Reference Matter
Works Cited 473
Chinese Character List 502
Index
525