ABOUT THIS BOOKThis book offers fascinating insights into how the media shape the way we think. Combining in-depth analysis of media representations of child sexual abuse with focus group discussions and interviews with around 500 journalists, campaigners and a cross-section of 'the public', Jenny Kitzinger reveals the media's role in contemporary society.
Which stories attract attention and why? What strategies do journalists and campaigners use to persuade people and how do we respond? Answering these and other questions, Kitzinger demonstrates how media reporting can impact on people's knowledge of the 'facts', perceptions of risk, sense of appropriate policy responses and even how we interpret our own experiences.
Kitzinger examines feminist initiatives to challenge sexual violence, the emergence of incest as a social problem and the development of new survivor identities. She also explores stereotypes around sex offenders,interrogates protests against 'paedophiles-in-the-community' and presents a detailed analysis of the impact of scandals about disputed abuse accusations.
This book is essential reading for anyone interested in theories of media influence, identity and social change or who wishes to encourage responsible journalism. It is also a key resource for anyone concerned about sexual violence and the protection of children or who is attempting to design intervention strategies.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHYJenny Kitzinger is Professor of Media Studies in the School of Journalism at Cardiff University, and the author/co-author of several books on aspects of media studies, together with numerous articles.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction 1
The research that informs this book 1
A guide to the book's structure 7
2 The Debate About Media Influence 11
A review of some key approaches to audience research 12
The current impasse: media influence versus active
audiences 24
My research approach 27
3 Transformation of Private and Public Discourse:
The Media 'Discovers' Sexual Abuse 32
Constructing a new social problem: a brief modern history 32
Placing, narratives in historical context: recording
personal accounts during the 1980s and 1990s 37
From cultural vacuum to multiple media mediation:
survivors' accounts of the media's role 37
The preconditions for media discovery 44
Critical reflections 6n coverage of 'the incest survivor' 46
Revisiting three media studies theories: active
consumption, creative identification and agenda-setting 47
Conclusion 53
4 Media Templates: Controversial Allegations and
Analogies 54
The media's discovery of contested cases 54
The Cleveland scandal: a brief introduction 56
Journalists' retrospective references to Cleveland 57
Public recollections of Cleveland 59
Challenging templates: an alternative media account
of the Cleveland scandal 66
Discussion 69
Conclusion 78
5 Story Branding and the Role of Empathy 79
Orkney in the news - an outline of the scandal 79
Remembering Orkney as 'the dawn raids case' 84
Why the dawn raids made such an impression 88
Reflections on the dawn raids branding 93
Sources of alternative perspectives 98
Conclusion 101
6 Story Placing: Representing Localities, Landscapes
and Communities in the News 103
The significance of place in news reporting 103
Locating the story in landscape and community:
media accounts of Orkney 105
People's memories of how the media represented Orkney 109
People's impressions and beliefs 113
Conclusion 122
7 Social Currency, Stranger-Danger and Images of
Abusers 125
Beasts, devils, queers and sissies: images of sex offenders 125
The danger that prowls our streets 128
Public perceptions of abusers 129
A reflection on representations of accused adults in
contested cases 136
'Public' and 'private' knowledge: extra-media influences
and the significance of social currency 138
Conclusion 142
8 Audiences as Activists: The 'Paedophile in the
Community' Protests 144
The rise of the paedophile problem 145
'Moral panics and lynchmobs' . ....... 148
Theorising community and media protest 149
Conclusion 158
9 The Zero Tolerance Campaign: Responses to a
Feminist Initiative 159
The Zero Tolerance campaign 159
Researching people's responses 163
Conclusion 177
10 Conclusion 180
The media's role in representing social issues 181
How texts 'work' 183
How audiences 'work' 183
Reflections on key terms and the implications of
audience activity for media influence 188
Implications for future research 191
Epilogue: Implications for Journalists and for Child
Protection 195
Implications for child protection 195
Implications for media professionals 196
Reflections on the political economy of the media 199
Appendix 201
Notes 204
References 216
Index 231