Acknowledgments                                                  ix
Chronology of Events in Infant Feeding History                  xiii
Introduction                                                      1
1         "It Takes Quite a Little Courage to Stand Out":
Mothers Move from Breast to Bottle                      9
2         "Slaughter of the Innocents": Infant Mortality
and the Urban Milk Supply                              42
3         "They Cannot Transform Cows' Milk into Woman's Milk":
Physicians and Infant Feeding                          74
4         "Insist upon Breast Feeding": Public Health Organizations
and Infant Feeding                                    102
5         "Mercenary Hirelings" or "A Great Blessing"?: Wet Nurses
as Private and Institutional Employees                132
6         "Give It the Nearest Thing to Mother's Milk":
Human Milk Substitutes                                158
Epilogue  "A Matter of Nursing Routine": Infant Feeding
since the 1930s                                       187
Appendix A   Deaths from Diarrhea Under Two Years of Age in Chicago  205 
Appendix B   Percentage of Deaths Under Age One in Chicago by Cause,
1897 to 1939                                      208
Appendix C   What Chicago Mothers Fed Their Newborns, 1911-1933  212 
Notes                                                           215
Works Cited                                                     251
Index                                                           281