HERE BEGINS THE FIFTEENTH BOOK ON ANIMALS Which Is on the Causes of the Generation of Animals
ALBERTUS MAGNUS ON ANIMALS: A Medieval Summa Zoologica
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME II
CHAPTER I: Why Two Things Are Necessarily Present in Every Opinion, Noble or Common, Concerning Animals
CHAPTER II: According to What Order of Teaching One Must Proceed in the Scientia of Those Things Which Are Attributed to Animals
CHAPTER III: From How Many and from Which Causes Those Things Which Are Being Investigated Concerning Animals Must Be Caused
CHAPTER I: Concerning a Science of Animals
CHAPTER II: Whether One Has to Begin from Universals or Particulars
CHAPTER III: For What Things Physical Causes Ought to Be Sought and How
CHAPTER IV: Also a Digression Explaining That Which Was Said Above Concerning the Division of Formal Causes
CHAPTER I: On the Distinction and Differences between Uniform and Nonuniform Members
CHAPTER II: On the Differences in Complexions, and on the Comparison of Uniform Members with Each Other with Respect to Their Complexions
CHAPTER III: In Which Way Something Is Said to Be Hotter or Colder Than Another in Uniform Members and in Which Way It Is Said to Be Dry and Moist&
CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth Those Things Which Must Be Examined Concerning the Composition and Complexion of an Animal&
CHAPTER V: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Things Which Should Be Investigated Concerning Ages&
CHAPTER VI: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Manner of the Digestion of Animals’ Foods, the Generation of the Humors, and the Manner of Their Generation
CHAPTER VII: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Actions of Heat and Cold on the Blood and Fat in the Bodies of Both Blooded and Nonblooded Animals, Especially in the Brain and Marrow
CHAPTER I: On the Nature and Cause of the Blood, Which Is the Nature of the Uniform Members
CHAPTER II: On the Nature and Cause of Fat [Pinguedo] and Zirbus and on the Cause of Marrow
CHAPTER III: On the Nature of the Brain, According to Aristotle’s Teaching&
CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Causes of the Disposition of the Brain According to the Modern Peripatetics and According to Experience and Reason&
CHAPTER V: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Cause and Nature of Nerves
CHAPTER VI: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Cause of Bones and Cartilage
CHAPTER VII: On the Type and Number of Superfluities Generated in Animals’ Bodies
CHAPTER VIII: On Flesh, Bones, and Spines and on Those Called Sepion and on the Malakye Genuses
CHAPTER I: On the Head, Insofar As It Is the Origin of the Senses
CHAPTER II: That Each of the Senses Is Double With Respect to the Disposition of Its Organs and on the Disposition of the Ears in Particular and of the Nostrils
CHAPTER III: On the Disposition of the Eye, the Eyelids, and the Hairs [Cilia]That Surround the Eye
CHAPTER IV: On the Disposition and Cause of the Elephant’s Nose, That of Certain Oviparous Animals, and of Others
CHAPTER V: On the Nature and the Cause of Lips, Teeth, and the Tongue and on the Particular Uses of These Organs
CHAPTER VI: On the Nature, Cause, Types, and Number of Teeth
CHAPTER VII: On the Cause and the Nature of Horns on the Heads of Animals
CHAPTER I: On the Windpipe and Esophagus and Their Natural Causes
CHAPTER II: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Nature, Cause, and Type of Composition of the Windpipe and Lungs
CHAPTER III: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Nature of the Esophagus and Stomach and Their Natural Causes and Positions
CHAPTER IV: On the Disposition of the Inner Parts in General and on the Nature and Cause of the Heart
CHAPTER V: On the Reason the Veins Rise from One Principle, This Being the Heart in Animals or That Which Is in Its Place
CHAPTER VI: On the Reason for the Lung and Its Natural Accidents. On the Liver and Spleen and Their Natural Operations.
CHAPTER VII: Which Is a Digression Clarifying the Understanding of the Things Which Have Been Said about the Liver and the Spleen
CHAPTER VIII: On the Nature of and Reason for the Kidneys and Bladder in Animals Having Them, and on the Reason That They Are Not Present in Certain Animals
CHAPTER IX: On the Nature of the Diaphragm and That of the Other Webs in the Body. We Will Now Have to Speak about the Diaphragm.
CHAPTER I: On the Disposition of the Belly, the Number of Bellies, and the Differences in Animals’ Bellies&
CHAPTER II: On the Types of Difference in the Intestines, Following the Differences among the Bellies
CHAPTER III: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Nature, Order, and Usefulness of the Intestines
CHAPTER IV: On the Inner Members of Creeping Animals and of Those Like Them Throughout the Length of Their Body. In Which Also Is Treated the Nature of the Gall Bladder in This Sort of Animal.
CHAPTER V: On the Generation of the Mirach of the Belly, and on the Generation of Fat [Pingeudo] and Zyrbum within the Myrach&
CHAPTER VI: On Those Animals Which Lack the Inner Members of the Belly That Have Been Mentioned and Discussing What the Members Are Which They Have in Place of the Aforementioned Members&
CHAPTER VII: On The Inner Members of Those Which Are Midway between Animal and Tree and How They Differ from One Another. Also on the Inner Members of the Ringed Creatures.
CHAPTER I: On the Outer Members of the Ringed Creatures
CHAPTER II: On the Outer Members of Shellfish
CHAPTER III: On the Outer Members of Those Called Soft-Shelled Animals&
CHAPTER IV: On the Outer Members of the Malakye, throughout Their Species
CHAPTER I: On the Reason for the Disposition of the Belly and of the Extremities of the Hands and Feet Below the Head and Neck in All Genuses of Animals
CHAPTER II: On the Reason for the Shape of the Hand, the Reason for Its Use, and How It Is an Indication of Intellect. Also on the Use of of the Quadrupeds’ Feet.&
CHAPTER III: On the Reason for the Shape of the Chest and Breasts in the Human and in Other Animals
CHAPTER IV: On the Reason for the Disposition of the Genital Members in Both Males and Females. Also on the Tail in Animals and on the Disposition of Their Feet
CHAPTER V: On the Visible Members of the Oviparous Quadrupeds and Their Natural Causes&
CHAPTER VI: On the Visible Members of Birds and on Their Natural Causes
CHAPTER VII: On the Visible Members of Fish and on Their Natural Causes
CHAPTER I: That the Causes Involved in the Generation of Animals Must Be Given and That a Distinction among the Sexes into Male and Female Is Not Found in All Animals&
CHAPTER II: On the Difference between Male and Female with Respect to the Definition and Shape of Their Members
CHAPTER III: On the Natural Cause of the Creation of Testicles in Animals That Have Testicles
CHAPTER IV: On Why Those That Have No Testicles Are Swift in Their Copulation and Why Those Having Internal Testicles Are Swifter in Their Copulation Than Those That Have Them Externally&
CHAPTER V: On the Reason for and Natural Arrangement of Wombs and on Their Differences in Animals
CHAPTER VI: Why Wombs Are Inside the Body in All Animals Even Though in Some Animals the Testicles Are Internal and in Others They Are External
CHAPTER VII: On the Disposition and the Cause of the Genital Members in Four Genuses of Animals: Soft-Shelled Animals, the Malakye, Those with a Ringed Body, and the Hard-Shelled Animals&
CHAPTER VIII: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the True Understanding of All the Things Which Have Been Introduced in Previous Chapters on the Causes of the Genitals
CHAPTER I: On the Questions That Exist about Sperm and Whether the Sperm Is Derived from All the Members in the Way Plato Described
CHAPTER II: Whether the Sperm Is Derived from the Entire Body in the Way Described by Anaxagoras and Empedocles
CHAPTER III: On the Improbability of the Statements of Empedocles and Anaxagoras, Based on the Reason Maleness and Femaleness and on That of Those Who Generate Those That Are Not Like Them in Genus
CHAPTER IV: What Sort of Principle of Generation Is the Sperm When It Is Said That Generation Occurs from Sperm, and What Is It According to Nature?
CHAPTER V: In What Way Sperm Is Present in the Body of the One Producing It and in What Way It Leaves It
CHAPTER VI: On the Nature of the Sperm and the Menstrual Blood, Possessed by Both Male and Female—a Nature It Has Insofar as It Is the Principle of Generation&
CHAPTER VII: On the Reason for the Pleasure in Intercourse and on the Type of Fluid Which Flows from the Genital Area in the Female
CHAPTER VIII: On the Way in Which the Sperm Which Comes from the Male and the Humor Which Flows from the Female Are Related to Each Other
CHAPTER IX: On the Way the Sperm of the Male and the Sperm of the Female Join Together in the Generation of the Conceptus
CHAPTER X: Which Is a Digression Clarifying the Things Which Have Been Said about the Sperm of the Male and Its Powers&
CHAPTER XI: Which Is a Digression Making Clear the Difference between Two Sperms— That of the Male and That of the Female—and of the Menstrual Blood Which Comes Forth from the Bodies of Certain Female Animals
CHAPTER I: In What Way the Male and Female Are the Principles of Generation
CHAPTER II: On the Power Moving Embryos, As to Whether It Is Intrinsic to the Sperm or Extrinsic According to the Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers and Physicians
CHAPTER III: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth a Summation of the Difficulty of Solving the Previously Introduced Questions, and of Their Solution as Found in Alexander the Peripatetic Who Was a Follower of Empedocles
CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Solution to the Question Introduced, Based on Avicenna, Theodorus, Theophrastus, and the Peripatetics
CHAPTER V: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Solution to the Questions Introduced Above, According to Socrates, Plato, and the Opinion of All the Stoics
CHAPTER VI: In Which the Solution to the Questions Introduced Above Is Introduced, Following Aristotle, Who Saw the Truth
CHAPTER VII: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth a Summary of All the Things Which Have Been Said, Bringing Them Together in Summary Fashion from All the Things Which Have Been Mentioned&
CHAPTER VIII: In Which Two Questions Are Resolved Which Arose from the Things Said about the Sperm. One of These Is Whether the Sperm Is Animate and the Second Is Whether the Powers of the Soul Create the Members Successively (That Is, One after the Other
CHAPTER IX: On the Resolution of the Question Why Sperm Grows Black and Thins in the Cold, Whereas It Is White and Thick in the Animal in Which it is Generated
CHAPTER X: On the Disposition of the Female and Male Sperm, How They Are Related to the Conception, and How the Soul Is Generated in the Fetation
CHAPTER XI: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth How the Soul Is in the Semen and in What Order of Priority the Vegetative and Sensible Souls Are Present in It. Also in What Way Only the Rational Comes to It Externally
CHAPTER XII: Concerning the Fact That Aristotle Says That the Soul Is in the Semen and That Intellect Is in It from Without
CHAPTER XIII: On the Principles Which Make the Sperm Fitting and Suitable for the Generation of an Animate Thing
CHAPTER XIV: On the Cause of the Sex of the One Born and of Its Similarity to the Father, Mother, or to Someone Else
CHAPTER XV: That There Are Particular Receptacles for the Superfluities in the Bodies of Animals and That It Is from These That Generation Occurs. Also That the Female Provides the Body but the Male the Form and Soul. That Not Every Male Produces Sperm, W
CHAPTER XVI: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Opinion of the Later Peripatetics on the Diversity of Oviparous Animals, the Power of the Sperm, and the Animation of Embryos&
CHAPTER XVIII: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth Why Male and Female Are Necessary for Generation of a Live Young and Also That the Rational Soul Can Have No Factive Principle Whatever in the Semen Because of Its Separation
CHAPTER I: On the Accidental Causes of Sterility Attributable Both to the Male’s Member and to the Female’s Womb. Also on the Manner of the Creation of the Embryo in the Womb, from What It Is Generated, and in What Order the Members Are Differentiated wit
CHAPTER II: Why the Female in Animals Cannot Generate on Her Own without the Male and on the Generation, Differentiation, and Completion of the Members in Generation
CHAPTER III: On Distinction in the Cause on Account of Which a Thing Exists. Which Cause Is Sought in Eternals and Which Not, and in What Way and for What Reason the Heart Is Said to Be the Principle of the Members&
CHAPTER IV: On the Manner of the Generation of the Homogenous Members from the Heat of the Heart and the Complexional Cold&
CHAPTER V: On the Creation of the Head and the Members Which Are in the Head
CHAPTER VI: How the Dominant Members Are Formed After the Heart and How, After These, the Other Members Are Formed&
CHAPTER VII: How the Growth of the Embryo Is Accomplished through Cotyledons
CHAPTER VIII: Which Animals Are Impregnated as a Result of Copulation and Which Are Not and on the Causes of Sterility&
CHAPTER IX: On the Cause of Sterility in She-Mules According to Democritus and Empedocles, and on Disproving Their Opinions
CHAPTER X: On the True Cause of Sterility in She-Mules, Based on a Summary Consideration of the Collective Nature of the Mare and the He-Ass
CHAPTER XI: Which Is a Digression Summarizing the Things That Have Been Said Above in This Tract and Assigning the Causes So That What Has Gone before Might the More Easily Be Understood&
CHAPTER I: On Those Who Lay Many Eggs and Those Who Lay Few. Also on the Natural Cause for Them.
CHAPTER II: On the Nature, Generation, Differentiation, and Disposition of Eggs and of the Humors Contained in an Egg
CHAPTER III: On the Shape and the Reason for the Shape of Eggs, Both Nonrounded and Round Ones. And on the Creation of the Eggs in the Womb and Their Leaving the Womb. Also on the Departure of the Chicks from the Eggs.&
CHAPTER IV: On the Order of Generation of Animals’ Members in Eggs, Be They the Eggs of Birds or of Other Animals
CHAPTER V: On Disproving the Error of Those Who Claim That There Is No Male or Female in Fish
CHAPTER VI: On the Completion of All Eggs, Specifically Wind Eggs and of Others, by Means of Joining the Sperm to Them&
CHAPTER I: On the Generation of Larvae or of Those Which Have Their First Generation from Larvae
CHAPTER II: On the Triple Generation of Bees According to the Various Opinions of Various People
CHAPTER III: On the Multiplication of Bees and Why There Are More Bees Than Kings and and Kyrikes. On the Comparison of Three Opinions on the Generation of Bees.
CHAPTER IV: On the Manner and the Cause of the Generation of the Halzum, Which Are Shellfish [ostrea conchylia]
CHAPTER V: What Is the Moving Principle in the Generation of Shellfish and Which Part Is Formed First?&
CHAPTER I: On the Cause of the Differentiation of the Masculine and Feminine Sex According to the Opinions of Empedocles and Democritus. Also on the Disproof of Their Opinions
CHAPTER II: On the True Cause of the Differentiation between Male and Female According to the Teaching of Aristotle and the Other Peripatetics&
CHAPTER III: In Which the Heart Is Proven to Be, among the Members, the Principle of Sexual Differentiation. Also on Those Which Generate Mostly Males.
CHAPER IV: On the Reason for the Resemblance of the One Generated to Its Parents or to Previous Ancestors. And on the Reason for a Lack of Resemblance of the Same One to Its Forebears
CHAPTER V: On Disproving the Error of Those Who Have Ascribed Other Reasons for the Resemblance and Nonresemblance of Those Which Are Generated
CHAPTER VI: On Monstrous Births, in Which There Remains Only a Resemblance to the Proximate Genus
CHAPTER I: That Largeness or Smallness of Body Are the Causes of a Large or Small Number of Offspring
CHAPER II: On Why on Occasion Many Offspring Are Conceived from One Act of Copulation
CHAPTER III: On the Cause of the Generation of Hermaphroditic Fetations As Well As That of Other Monsters, Resulting from a Multiplication of Members
CHAPTER IV: On Those Which Are Impregnated with Successive Impregnations and on Those Which Desire Copulation More Than Do Others
CHAPTER V: On the Reason Some Animals Generate Complete Young but Others Generate Incomplete Young&
CHAPTER VI: On the Disposition of Impregnated Females As a Result of This Impregnation and on a Mole of the Womb
CHAPTER VII: On the Generation, Cause, Usefulness, and Diversity of Milk in Animals Which Have It
CHAPTER VIII: On the Length of the Gestation Period in Animals and the Cause for Its Diversity&
CHAPTER IX: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth in Easy Summary Fashion All the Things Which Have Been Introduced Above in This Book. Also on the Levels of the Powers of Generation and to What Extent Consanguinity Is Lacking in the Levels.
CHAPTER I: On Accidental Traits in General So That One Might Know Which Things Must Be Investigated in This Book and in What Way It Is to Be Done
CHAPTER II: How the First Accidental Trait Which Befalls the Young Born Either in the Womb or Outside It Is Similar to Sleep
CHAPTER III: On the Colors of the Eyes and Their Change Insofar As They Are Caused by the Eye’s Humors&
CHAPTER IV: On the Causes of the Colors As Caused by the Tunics and on the Differences in Sharpness of Vision
CHAPTER V: On the Causes of Good Hearing and Smelling Which Stem from the Composition of the Organ&
CHAPTER VI: On Those Things Which Befall Hair at Various Ages and Other Natural Causes, Such As Growing Bald and the Like
CHAPTER VII: On the Cause of Grayness and Wrinkledness in the Human
CHAPTER VIII: On the Cause of the Colors in Animals Other Than the Human
CHAPTER IX: On the Differences of Voice in Animals&
CHAPTER X: On the Origin and Cause of the Appearance and Falling Out of Teeth in All Animals
CHAPTER I: On the Seminal Moisture of Animate Beings in General and in Which Is Also Treated the Nature of the Moisture of Other Bodies Which Are Generated Mixed
CHAPTER II: On the Dry and Earthy, Which Is the Material for Animate Bodies
CHAPTER III: On the Nature of Air Insofar As It Is Shared by the Bodies of Animals&
CHAPTER IV: How Fire Is Shared by the Bodies of Animals
CHAPTER V: Whether the Fifth Body, the Essence, Is Substantially Mixed into the Bodies of Animals. Many Arguments Are Also Set Forth of Those Who Posit That It Is Mixed into an Animate Body.&
CHAPTER VI: On Disproving the Statement That Heavens and the Sphere Are, According to Some Part of Their Substance, Present in the Bodies of Animals
CHAPTER VII: On Resolving the Arguments Introduced above Concerning the Fact That the Substance of a Fifth Body Is in Our Bodies
CHAPTER VIII: of the Mixture of Material Principles in the Bodies of Animals and on the Cause and Type of Their Mixture
CHAPTER IX: On the Binding Agent in Mixed Bodies, Which Is a Triple Moisture. Also on the Similarities and Differences of These Moistures.&
CHAPTER X: On the Plan According to Which the Mixing of Animal Bodies Is Completed&
CHAPTER XI: On the Complexions of the Humors and on the Properties of Those Things Which Result from an Induced Mixing in the Bodies of Animals
CHAPTER I: On the Power of the First Cause. What It Is, How It Is Multiplied in Effect, and How It Acts.
CHAPTER II: On the Formal Heavenly Power Which Is Called the Power of the Period. On What It Is, How It Goes Forth from Itself into Matter, and How It Acts.
CHAPTER III: On the Formal Principle of the Body, Which Comes from the Soul and Is in the Seed&
CHAPTER IV: On the Natural, Formal Causes of an Animal’s Body, These Being Present in the Matter Mixed from the Four Elements
CHAPTER V: How All the Principles Mentioned Arise Out of One and Are Collected Both Again into a Single One. How the Multiplicity of Organs Is Caused by a Multiplicity of Organs Is Caused by a Multiplicity of the Powers of the Soul in Animals&
CHAPTER VI: How Animals Differ One to the Other in the Powers Mentioned Above and How the Human Differs from Them All
CHAPTER I: On the Highest Perfection of Animal Which Is the Human
CHAPTER II: How Many Types of Perfection There Are in Animals in General, and Which One Would Exist According to the Soul and Which According to the Body, from Which the Nature of the Pygmy Is Known&
CHAPTER III: How Animals Are Capable of Instruction by Some Participation in the Virtues of the Soul, and Especially How This Occurs in the Genuses of Monkeys&
CHAPTER IV: Concerning Things That Are Observed with Respect to the Teachability of Quadruped Animals
CHAPTER V: On the Capacity for Instruction, and On the Utterances and Chattering of Birds
CHAPTER VI: On the Cleverness and Shrewdness of Aquatic, That Is, Swimming, Animals
CHAPTER VII: On the Prudence and Shrewdness of Serpents and Creeping Animals and on Their Perfection and Imperfection
CHAPTER VIII: On the Shrewdness and Perfection of Ringed Creatures&
CHAPTER IX: On Imperfect Animals, and the Reason for and Difference of Their Imperfection
CHAPTER I: On Human Intercourse, Ordered for Generation
CHAPTER II: On the Quality of the Seed in the Womb&
CHAPTER III: On the Disposition of the Seeds and of the Young That Arise from Their Parents, the Humors, and the Heavenly Signs
CHAPTER IV: On the Harmful Effects of Intercourse
CHAPTER V: On the Natural and Divine Properties of the Human
CHAPTER I: On the Nature and Traits That Quadrupeds Have in Common&
HERE BEGINS THE TWENTY-THIRD BOOK ON ANIMALS
CHAPTER I: On the Shape of Falcons
CHAPTER II: On the Particular Color of Falcons&
CHAPTER III: On the Characteristic Behavior of the Falcon According to Its Genus
CHAPTER IV: On the Call by Which Falcons Call and Are Called
CHAPTER V: What the Seventeen Genuses of Falcons Are, and About the First, Which Is Called “Sacred”
CHAPTER VI: On the Gyrfalcon
CHAPTER VII: On the Genus of Falcon Called the “Mountain”
CHAPTER VIII: On the Falcons Called Peregrines&
CHAPTER IX: On the Gibbous Genus of Falcon
CHAPTER X: On the Black Falcons
CHAPTER XI: On the Nature of the White Falcon
CHAPTER XII: On the Nature of Red Falcons
CHAPTER XIII: On the Falcon That Has Azure Feet
CHAPTER XV: On the Three Genuses of Lanners and Their Rearing
CHAPTER XVI: On the Four Genuses of Interbred Falcons and on the Manner of This Mixing of Falcons
CHAPTER XVII: On the Regimen Needed to Produce the Domestication, Boldness, and Health of Falcons
CHAPTER XVIII: On the Different Cures for Illnesses in Falcons According to William the Falconer
CHAPTER XIX: On the Cures of the Illnesses of Falcons Which Are Different from What Has Gone Before, According to the Falconer of the Emperor Frederick
CHAPTER XX: On the Regimen for Goshawks That Are Ill, According to the Expert Findings of the Emperor Frederick
CHAPTER XXI: On the Regimen for Goshawks, According to the Expert Findings of William
CHAPTER XXII: On the Regimen for Domestication of Hawks [accipiter] and] on the Regimen for Hawking
CHAPTER XXIII: On the Regimen for Illnesses of All Birds of Prey, According to Aquila, Symachus, and Theodotion
CHAPTER XXIV: On the Two Other Genuses of Falcons, on Their Habitations, and on How They Differ from Hawks&
CHAPTER I: On the Nature of Aquatic Animals in General and All Other Things, Set Forth in the Order of the Latin Alphabet
CHAPTER I: On the Nature of Serpents in General
CHAPTER II: On Understanding the Nature and Complexion of Serpents’ Venom
HERE BEGINS THE TWENTY-SIXTH BOOK ON ANIMALS Which Is About Vermin and Whose First Chapter Is on the Nature of Vermin
Alternative Version of the Beginning of De Animalibus
CHAPTER I: A Digression Declaring the Manner and the Order of the Instruction
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX