Federal policy toward Native Americans has fluctuated wildly in the twentieth century. Washington long envisioned that Indians would be assimilated into American culture—until FDR's New Deal introduced tribal self-government. Then, during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, its goal became the termination of federal wardship status for Indians. This book considers the changes in attitude that began in 1960 and culminated in the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975. Drawing on personal interviews with key players, George Castile goes behind the scenes in Washington to reveal what motivated policy makers—and who really shaped policy—from the Kennedy to the Ford administrations.

To Show Heart is a detailed and unbiased account of one of the least understood periods in Indian affairs. It tells how "termination" became a political embarrassment during the civil rights movement, how Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty prompted politicians to rethink Indian policy, and how championing self-determination presented an opportunity for Presidents Nixon and Ford to "show heart" toward Native Americans. Along the way, Castile assesses the impact of the Indian activism of the 1960s and 1970s and offers an objective view of the American Indian Movement and the standoff at Wounded Knee. He also discusses the recent history of individual tribes, which gives greater meaning to decisions made at the national level. Castile's work greatly enhances our understanding of the formulation of current Indian policy and of the changes that have occurred since 1975. To Show Heart is an important book not only for anthropologists and historians but also for Native Americans themselves, who will benefit from this inside look at how bureaucrats have sought to determine their destinies.

George Pierre Castile is a professor of anthropology at Whitman College.

"A provocative analysis of a crucial period in the evolution of federal Indian policy . . . providing significant insight and analysis into the workings of the executive branch during the period reviewed." —Nebraska History"Castile's firsthand knowledge of events and insight into the Washington bureaucracy adds texture to his narrative and lends credibility to his contentions. . . . Both the quality of research as well as the thorough relation of policy trends throughout the twentieth century should make Castile's book essential reading for all Indian historians." —Chronicles of Oklahoma"The first major introduction to this extraordinarily complicated subject . . . recommended for an overall view of Indian self-determination and should serve as a useful introduction for further in-depth research into this intriguing era of Indian-white relations." —New Mexico Historical Review"Fleshes out the story of the politics of federal Indian policy. . . . He dismisses the importance of the 'media chiefs' and the high profile made-for-television events that they engineered such as the seizure of Alcatraz, the Interior building, and Wounded Knee. Castile declares emphatically that the real work of expanding tribal autonomy was progressing independently of these events through the behind-the-scenes politics that he chronicles." —American Studies