The early 1960s are remembered for the emergence of new radical movements influenced by the Cuban Revolution. One such protest movement rose in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. With large timber companies moving in on the forested sierra highlands, campesinos and rancheros did not sit by as their lands and livelihoods were threatened. Continuing a long history of agrarian movements and local traditions of armed self-defense, they organized and demanded agrarian rights.

Thousands of students joined the campesino protests in long-distance marches, land invasions, and direct actions that transcended political parties and marked the participants’ emergence as political subjects. The Popular Guerrilla Group (GPG) took shape from sporadic armed conflicts in the sierra. Early victories in the field encouraged the GPG to pursue more ambitious targets, and on September 23, 1965, armed farmers, agricultural workers, students, and teachers attacked an army base in Madera, Chihuahua. This bold move had deadly consequences.

With a sympathetic yet critical eye, historian Elizabeth Henson argues that the assault undermined and divided the movement that had been its crucible, sacrificing the most militant, audacious, and serious of a generation at a time when such sacrifices were more frequently observed. Henson shows how local history merged with national tensions over one-party rule, the unrealized promises of the Mexican Revolution, and international ideologies.

Elizabeth Henson has been a lifelong activist. She received a doctorate in history from the University of Arizona in 2015. She continues to write and research in Bisbee and Douglas, Arizona. She has both traveled extensively through and lived in Mexico.

"The strength of Henson’s work lies in its deep research of newspapers, memoirs, and the archives of government intelligence agencies, which leaves no doubt about the Madera attack’s grounding in a history of broader resistance."—New Mexico Historical Review

“In critical fashion, Elizabeth Henson captures the promise and contradictions of Mexico’s first socialist guerrilla movement, which drew from a long history of agrarian movements and local traditions of armed self-defense. This book is a must-read for students of contemporary Mexican history.” —Alexander Aviña, School of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies, Arizona State University

“Well written and meticulously researched, this book shows how local history merged with national tensions over one-party rule, the unrealized promises of the Mexican Revolution, and international ideologies for bringing about radical and immediate social change.” —Paul Hart, Department of History, Texas State University