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Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America
University of Alabama Press, 2007 Paper: 978-0-8173-5425-1 | eISBN: 978-0-8173-8431-9 Library of Congress Classification E59.A35S65 2007 Dewey Decimal Classification 630.97
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Organized into four sections, the twelve chapters of Rivers of Change are concerned with prehistoric Native American societies in eastern North America and their transition from a hunting and gathering way of life to a reliance on food production. Written at different times over a decade, the chapters vary both in length and topical focus. They are joined together, however, by a number of shared “rivers of change.” See other books on: Agriculture | Change | Food | Origin | Rivers See other titles from University of Alabama Press |
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Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
by Bruce D. Smith
University of Alabama Press, 2007
Paper: 978-0-8173-5425-1
eISBN: 978-0-8173-8431-9
Paper: 978-0-8173-5425-1
eISBN: 978-0-8173-8431-9
Organized into four sections, the twelve chapters of Rivers of Change are concerned with prehistoric Native American societies in eastern North America and their transition from a hunting and gathering way of life to a reliance on food production. Written at different times over a decade, the chapters vary both in length and topical focus. They are joined together, however, by a number of shared “rivers of change.”
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Bruce D. Smith is an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History and is the author, coauthor, or editor of a wide range of works, including The Emergence of Agriculture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Contents
- Introduction to the New Edition
- I
- Rivers of Change
- 1
- Introduction: Fields of Opportunity, Rivers of Change
- The History of Maize in Eastern North America and the Existence of Premaize Farming Economies
- Early Gourds in the East—Introduced Tropical Domesticate or Indigenous Wild Plants?
- Plant Domestication in Eastern North America
- Premaize Farming Economies in Eastern North America
- Notes
- Literature Cited
- II
- An Independent Center of Plant Domestication
- 2
- The Floodplain Weed Theory of Plant Domestication in Eastern North America
- Introduction
- Edgar Anderson and the Plants of Open Habitats
- Jack Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet, and the Adaptive Syndrome of Domestication
- Technological Advance and Documenting Eastern Domesticates
- The Initial Appearance of Anthropogenic Open Areas in Eastern North America
- The Floodplain Niche of Indigenous Domesticates
- Conclusions
- Literature Cited
- 3
- The Independent Domestication of Indigenous Seed-Bearing Plants in Eastern North America
- Introduction: An Independent Origin
- The 1920s: Linton and “Various Small Grains in the Southeast”
- The 1930s: Gilmore and Jones
- The 1940s: Carter and Quimby
- The 1950s: Anderson and Fowler
- The 1960s: Yarnell and Struever
- The 1970s: Discovery of Middle Holocene Cucurbits
- Middle Holocene Cucurbits in the Eastern Woodlands
- Cucurbita Terminology and Taxonomy
- Cucurbita Rinds
- Cucurbita Seeds
- Geographical Range Arguments
- Alternative Explanations
- The Archaeobotanical Evidence for Initial Domestication of Seed-Bearing Plants
- Iva annua
- Helianthus annuus
- Chenopodium berlandieri
- The Fourth Millennium Transition
- The Domestication of Indigenous Seed Crops
- Early Holocene Foragers
- The Hypsithermal
- Sedentism and the Emergence of Domestilocalities
- The “Natural” Floodplain Habitat Situations of Initial Indigenous Domesticates
- Selective Pressures and the Coevolution of Domesticates within Domestilocalities
- Discussion: A Coevolutionary Explanation
- The Initial Establishment of Domestilocalities
- Selective Encouragement
- Deliberate Planting of Harvested Seeds
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- 4
- Is It an Indigene or a Foreigner?
- Smith, Bruce D.
- Cowan, C. Wesley
- Hoffman, Michael P.
- Introduction
- Single Origin Explanations of the Late 1970s and 1980s
- The Emergence of a Multiple Origins Explanation for the Domestication of Cucurbita pepo
- Documenting a Developmental Dichotomy
- The Cophyletic Model: Recasting the Question of “Wi1d” versus “Escape”
- Recent Single Mesoamerican Origin Models
- Wilson's 1990 Explanation
- Kirkpatrick and Wilson's 1988 Explanations
- The Asches' 1991 Explanation
- The Geographical Range of Free-Living Gourds in Eastern North America
- The Niche and Habitat of Free-Living Cucurbita Gourds in Eastern North America
- Herbarium Sheet and Published Habitat Descriptions
- The Western Ozarks
- Bryant Creek and the Gasconade River
- The Buffalo River
- The White River
- Cucurbita Gourds as Agricultural Weeds
- The Niche and Habitat of Free-living Cucurbita Gourds
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- III
- Premaize Farming Economies in Eastern North America
- 5
- The Role of Chenopodium as a Domesticate in Premaize Garden Systems of the Eastern United States
- Introduction
- The Continuum of Human-Plant Relationships
- Wild Status Plants
- Weedy Plants
- Cultivated Plants
- Domesticated Plants
- Placing the Plants of Premaize Garden Systems along the Wild to Domesticated Continuum
- Modern Weed Analogs
- Prehistoric Range Extension
- Archaeological Abundance Relative to Modern Occurrence
- “Plausibility Arguments”
- Morphological Change
- Premaize Plant Husbandry Systems
- Morphological Indicators of Domestication in Chenopodium
- Infructescence Compaction
- Loss of Natural Shatter Mechanisms
- Uniform Maturation of Fruit
- Increased Perisperm Food Reserves for Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
- Loss or Reduction in Thickness of Outer Epiderm
- Archaeological Indicators of Domestication in Chenopodium
- Building a Case for Domesticated Chenopodium in Premaize Plant Husbandry Systems
- The Russell Cave Chenopodium Assemblage
- Rediscovery: The Basket and its Temporal and Cultural Context
- Initial Processing and General Condition of the Fruits
- Unruptured Fruits
- Ruptured Fruits
- Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Fruit Size
- Morphology Pericarp
- Margin Configuration
- Outer Epiderm Thickness Measurements
- The Strength of the Case for Domestication
- Discussion
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- 6
- Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. jonesianum: Evidence for a Hopewellian Domesticate from Ash Cave, Ohio
- Introduction
- The Andrews Excavation
- Subsequent Excavations by Wilson, Moorehead, and Goslin
- The Temporal Context of the Ash Cave Deposits
- The Cultural Context of the Ash Cave Chenopod Assemblage
- The Ash Cave Chenopodium Assemblage
- General Description
- Maximum Fruit Diameter
- Pericarp Morphology
- Testa or Outer Epiderm
- The Case for Domestication: Summary of a Comparative Morphological Analysis
- Taxonomic Considerations: C. berlandieri ssp. jonesianum
- Discussion: Hopewellian Plant Husbandry Systems
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- Collections
- Literature Cited
- 7
- The Economic Potential of Chenopodium berlandieri in Prehistoric Eastern North America
- Introduction and Research Design
- Methods
- Results
- Wayne County, Michigan
- Fulton County, Pennsylvania
- Mississippi County, Arkansas
- Cherokee County, South Carolina
- Prince Georges County, Maryland
- Washington County, Maryland
- Pike County, Ohio
- Mississippi County, Missouri
- Hardin County, Tennessee
- Cullman County, Alabama
- Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
- Discussion
- The Habitat of C. berlandieri in the Eastern United States
- The Economic Potential of Chenopodium berlandieri
- Harvest Yield Comparisons
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- 8
- The Economic Potential of Iva annua in Prehistoric Eastern North America
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Marshall County, Kentucky
- Obion County, Tennessee
- Crittenden County, Arkansas
- Chicot County, Arkansas
- East Carroll Parish, Louisiana
- Hinds County, Mississippi
- Rankin County, Mississippi
- Crenshaw County, Alabama
- Mississippi County, Missouri
- Crittenden County, Arkansas
- Hardin County, Tennessee
- Acorn County, Mississippi
- Colbert County, Alabama
- Jefferson County, Alabama
- Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
- Discussion
- The Habitats of Iva annua in the Eastern Woodlands
- The Economic Potential of Iva annua
- Harvest Yield Comparisons
- Marshelder as a Premaize Field Crop: Half-Hectare Fields of Iva annua and Chenopodium berlandieri
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- 9
- Hopewellian Farmers of Eastern North America
- Introduction
- The Nature and Development of Hopewellian Food Production Economies
- Hopewellian Farming Communities
- The Upper Duck River Valley of Central Tennessee
- Bynum Mounds
- Pinson Mounds
- The Lower Illinois River Valley
- The American Bottom
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- 10
- In Search of Choupichoul, the Mystery Grain of the Natchez
- Introduction
- Le Page, the Natchez, and Choupichoul
- The Passages that Refer to Choupichoul
- In Search of Belle Dame Sauvage
- The Case for Chenopodium berlandieri
- Along the Sand Banks of the Mississippi River
- Chenopodium berlandieri in Prehistory
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- IV
- Synthesis
- 11
- Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America
- Introduction
- An Independent Center of Plant Domestication
- The Emergence of Food Production Economies
- The Shift to Maize-Centered Agriculture
- Notes
- Literature Cited
- 12
- Prehistoric Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America
- Introduction
- Early and Middle Holocene Foragers prior to 7,000 B.P. (5050 B.C.)
- Middle Holocene Collectors 7,000 to 4,000 B.P. (5050 to 2050 B.C.)
- The Initial Domestication of Eastern Seed Plants 4,000 to 3,000 B.P. (2050 to 1050 B.c.)
- The Development of Farming Economies 3,000–1,700 B.P. (1050 B.C. to A.D. 250)
- The Expansion of Field Agriculture 1,700 to 800 B.P. (A.D. 250 to 1150)
- Maize-Centered Field Agriculture after 800 B.P. (A.D. 1150)
- Acknowledgments
- Literature Cited
- Index
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
