Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Box, Figures, and Tables
Summary
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
Research Design
Outline of the Report
CHAPTER TWO:
The Evolution of al Shabaab
Phase One: Ideological and Historical Origins, 1960s–2005
Phase Two: Proto-Insurgency, 2005–2007
Phase Three: Rebirth and the Rise of the Islamists, 2007–2009
Phase Four: The Heyday of al Shabaab, 2009–2011
Phase Five: Retreat and Adaptation, 2011–2016
Conclusion
Strategic Options
The Decline of al Shabaab
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR:
Recommendations
APPENDIX
Data Collection Sources and Notes
About the Authors
References
Index