A Nation within a Nation: Voices of the Oneidas in Wisconsin
edited by L. Gordon McLester III and Laurence M. Hauptman
Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2010
Cloth: 978-0-87020-454-8 | eISBN: 978-0-87020-682-5
Library of Congress Classification E99.O45N38 2010
Dewey Decimal Classification 977.5004975543
Cloth: 978-0-87020-454-8 | eISBN: 978-0-87020-682-5
Library of Congress Classification E99.O45N38 2010
Dewey Decimal Classification 977.5004975543
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
For the first time, the Oneidas of Wisconsin tell their own story in this richly diverse, authoritative contemporary history. A Nation within a Nation gathers first-person accounts, biographical essays, and scholars’ investigations in a sweeping and provocative consideration of the period of 1900-1969.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
L. Gordon McLester III is an Oneida tribal historian. He is coeditor of The Oneida Indian Journey and The Oneida Indians in the Age of Allotment and coauthor of Chief Daniel Bread and the Oneida Nation of Indians, all with Laurence M. Hauptman. McLester lives in Oneida, Wisconsin.
Laurence M. Hauptman is SUNY Distinguished Professor of History at SUNY New Paltz, where he has taught Native American history since 1971. Hauptman is the author, coauthor, or coeditor of fifteen books on the Iroquois and other Native Americans. He has testified as an expert witness before committees of both houses of Congress and in the federal courts and has served as a historical consultant for the Wisconsin Oneidas, the Cayugas, the Mashantucket Pequots, and the Senecas. The Oneida Indian Journey, which Professor Hauptman coedited with L. Gordon Mclester III, won the Wisconsin Historical Society prize for best community history in the year 2000.
REVIEWS
“Laurence Hauptman and Gordon McLester have taken an inner-perspective approach to the modern history of the Oneidas in Wisconsin—a New Indian History. Using voices of the people, this insightful history portrays the ongoing struggle to maintain Oneida sovereignty.” (Donald L. Fixico, Distinguished Foundation Professor of History, Arizona State University)
“Anyone interested in the Iroquois Oneida story, white-native relations, Wisconsin’s past, or upper Great Lakes history will want to own this book. Fortified with lucid introductions by Hauptman and McLester, readers will enjoy exploring this collection of enlightening articles and evocative memoirs. This is a significant and highly readable volume.” (Carl Benn, PhD, author of The Iroquois in the War of 1812 and Mohawks on the Nile)
“From studies of Wisconsin Oneida military veterans, women’s lacemaking, and national engagements with federal Indian policy initiatives, the book offers a refreshing change from the standard 'tribal history' paradigm. The multivocal character of this volume points the way to future collaboratively-based inquiry into the history of Native American nations.” (Jon Parmenter, Associate Professor of History, Cornell University)
“The Oneidas have confronted more than two hundred years of governmental efforts to absorb their lands and identity. Here, Wisconsin Oneidas chronicle their twentieth-century struggle to turn the tide of this assault and assert their sovereignty as a distinct people. Their experiences are at once sad, inspiring, and illuminating.” (John W. Hall, Ambrose-Hesseltine Assistant Professor of U.S. Military History, University of Wisconsin–Madison)
"Like most Indian nations, the Oneida were under severe pressure through the middle of the 20th century but experienced a turn-around, especially after federal policy toward Native Americans shifted under Richard Nixon. Going beyond politics, A Nation Within a Nation also shows how the Oneida maintained their integrity as a sovereign people through a network of religious, social and fraternal organizations." (Dave Luhrssen, ExpressMilwaukee.com)
2011 Winner in the Multicultural Non-fiction Category from National Indie Excellence Awards
2011 Finalist in the Multicultural Non-fiction Category from Next Generation Indie Book Awards
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Wisconsin Oneida Time Line
Maps of Wisconsin Oneida Reservation
Introduction: A Bumpy Road: Overview of Wisconsin Oneida History 1900-1975, - Laurence M. Hauptman
Part 1. Maintaining Wisconsin Oneida Community Life: Reservation and City
Introduction
Looking Back: The Oneida Nation of Indians of Wisconsin in the Early 1970s - Jack Campisi
An Environmental History of Oneida Life at Duck Creek: Then and Now - Carol Cornelius and Loretta Metoxen
The Oneida Methodist Church, 1816-1975 - Evelyn E. (Schuyler) Smith-Elm
The Indian New Deal at Oneida - Oscar Archiquette
Codeswitching in the Oneida WPA Texts - Clifford Abbott
Table 1: English Words Used in the Oneida WPA Texts
Table 2: English Words Incorporated into Oneida Words
Cherry Picking: A WPA Story in Oneida and English - Lewis Webster
A Tribute to “She Remembers” [Maria Christjohn Hinton] with Reflections on Oneida Language Classes in the 1970s - Ernest Stevens Jr.
Oneida Education: Past, Present, and Future - Thelma Cornelius McLester
The Origins of the Oneida Nation Library - Judy Cornelius
Sybil Carter and Her Legacy - Patricia Matteson
Reviving Oneida Lacemaking - Betty McLester and Debra Jenny
Reminiscences of Oneida Life in Milwaukee, 1920-1975 - Opal Skenandore
Part 2. Wisconsin Oneidas Polish the Chain of Alliance, 1917-1975
Introduction
Remembering Oneida Veterans and Their Sacrifices: A Personal Journey - Jerry Danforth
Oneidas in World War I - Loretta Metoxen
Three Memoirs of Veterans - Edmund Powless, Franklin L. Cornelius, and Kenneth William Webster
Photos
Part 3. Wisconsin Oneida Responses to Federal Policies, 1900-1975
Introduction
The Wisconsin Oneidas, 1887-1933 - L. Gordon McLester III
The Wisconsin Oneida Tribal Government under the Indian Reorganization Act: The New Deal Years, 1933-1941 - Loretta Webster
A Contrast with Oneida: Menominee Termination and Restoration, 1954-1973 - Ada Deer
Claims Arising: The Oneida Nation of Indians of Wisconsin and the Indian Claims Commission, 1951-1982 - Karim M. Tiro
The Wisconsin Oneidas and Termination, 1943-1956 - Laurence M. Hauptman
Federal Indian Policies and the Wisconsin Oneidas: From the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) - Loretta R. Webster
Part 4. Portraits of Wisconsin Oneida Leadership
Introduction
Table 3: Wisconsin Oneida Governments Under the Indian Reorganization Act, 1937-1969
Reminiscences of Working for the Wisconsin Oneida Tribal Government in the 1950s and 1960s: Part 1 - Althea Schuyler
Reminiscences of Working for the Wisconsin Oneida Tribal Government in the 1950s and 1960s: Part 2 - Eva Danforth
Irene Moore: A Memoir - Irene Moore
Norbert Seabrook Hill Sr. - Megan Minoka Hill and Norbert Hill Jr.
Purcell R. Powless - L. Gordon McLester III
An Interview with Robert L. Bennett - Joe B. Frantz
Protecting Indian Sovereignty - Ernest Stevens Sr.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Contributors
Index
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