Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
1. Search and Research for Satisfaction: An Introduction to Park and Outdoor Recreation Research
Research in Outdoor Recreation
Search and Research For Satisfaction
Quality in Outdoor Recreation
Summary and Conclusions
2. Social Aspects of Outdoor Recreation: Use and Users
Outdoor Recreation Activity
Use Distribution and Dynamics
Social Correlates of Outdoor Recreation
Cultural Influences on Outdoor Recreation
Summary and Conclusions
3. Descriptive Aspects of Outdoor Recreation: Attitudes, Preferences, Perceptions
Developed Areas
Backcountry and Wilderness Areas
Trade-Offs Among Recreation Conditions
Perceptions of Environmental Impacts
Visitor Versus Manager Perceptions
Summary and Conclusions
4. Carrying Capacity: Protecting Recreation Resources and the Visitor Experience
Carrying Capacity and Outdoor Recreation
Limits of Acceptable Change
Management Objectives/Desired Conditions and Indicators and Standards/Thresholds of Quality
Carrying Capacity Frameworks
Application of Modeling to Carrying Capacity
Summary and Conclusions
5. Crowding in Outdoor Recreation: Use Level, Perceived Crowding, and Visitor Satisfaction
Empirical Studies of Crowding
Testing the Satisfaction Model
Coping Behavior
Normative Definitions of Crowding
Methodological Issues
An Expanded Crowding Model
Summary and Conclusions
Normative Approach
Normative Theory and Methods
Indicators of Quality
Standards/Thresholds of Quality
Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Summary and Conclusions
7. Motivations and Benefits in Outdoor Recreation: A Behavioral Approach
A Behavioral Approach to Outdoor Recreation
Empirical Tests of Behavioral Approach
Benefits-Based Management
Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Summary and Conclusions
8. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A Range of Recreation Opportunities
The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
Linking Activities, Settings, Motivations, and Benefits
Extending the Opportunity Spectrum
Summary and Conclusions
9. Recreation Conflict: Goal Interference and Social Values
Theoretical Models
Empirical Studies of Conflict
Measuring Conflict and Social Values
An Expanded Conflict Model
Managing Conflict
Summary Conclusions
10. Substitutability: Alternative Recreation Opportunities
Activity Types
Direct Measures of Substitutabilty
Theory and Methods of Substitutability
Summary and Conclusions
11. Specialization in Outdoor Recreation: Experience and Related Concepts
Measures of Recreation Experience
From Experience to Specialization
Theory and Methods of Specialization
Summary and Conclusions
Measures of Place Attachment and Bonding
Theoretical Considerations
Summary and Conclusions
13. Special Topics: Emerging Issues in Parks and Outdoor Recreation
New Park Resources: Natural Quiet and Natureal Darkness
Sustainable Transportation in Parks and Outdoor Recreation
Climate Change and
Outdoor Recreation
Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and Human Health
Summary and Conclusions
14. Managing Outdoor Recreation: Alternative Management Practices
Alternative Management Practices
Evaluating Management Practices
Use Rationing and Allocation
Rules and Regulations
Law Enforcement
Zoning
Facility Development, Site Design, and Maintenance
A Management Matrix Approach
Status and Trends in Outdoor Recreation Management
Summary and Conclusions
15. Principles and Practices of Outdoor Recreation: Knowledge into Action
The Visitor Use Management Framework
Observations on Outdoor Recreation Management
Relating Research and Management
Evolution of Research
Summary and Conclusions
Notes on Sources: A Guide to the Social Science Literature in Outdoor Recreation
Bibliography
Authors
Index
