University Press of Colorado, 2015 Paper: 978-1-60732-464-5 | eISBN: 978-0-87081-994-0 | Cloth: 978-0-87081-901-8 Library of Congress Classification PM635.C69 2008 Dewey Decimal Classification 497.354
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
The Arapaho Language is the definitive reference grammar of an endangered Algonquian language. Arapaho differs strikingly from other Algonquian languages, making it particularly relevant to the study of historical linguistics and the evolution of grammar. Andrew Cowell and Alonzo Moss Sr. document Arapaho's interesting features, including a pitch-based accent system with no exact Algonquian parallels, radical innovations in the verb system, and complex contrasts between affirmative and non-affirmative statements.
Cowell and Moss detail strategies used by speakers of this highly polysynthetic language to form complex words and illustrate how word formation interacts with information structure. They discuss word order and discourse-level features, treat the special features of formal discourse style and traditional narratives, and list gender-specific particles, which are widely used in conversation. Appendices include full sets of inflections for a variety of verbs.
Arapaho is spoken primarily in Wyoming, with a few speakers in Oklahoma. The corpus used in The Arapaho Language spans more than a century of documentation, including multiple speakers from Wyoming and Oklahoma, with emphasis on recent recordings from Wyoming. The book cites approximately 2,000 language examples drawn largely from natural discourse - either recorded spoken language or texts written by native speakers.
With The Arapaho Language, Cowell and Moss have produced a comprehensive document of a language that, in its departures from its nearest linguistic neighbors, sheds light on the evolution of grammar.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Andrew Cowell is a professor of linguistics at the University of Colorado. Alonzo Moss Sr. is a native speaker of Arapaho from Wyoming who has worked extensively to teach and document the language on the Wind River Reservation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1 The Arapaho People and the Social Contexts of the Arapaho Language
2 The Aims and Purposes of this Grammar
3 The Arapaho Language Sources Used
4 General Introduction to the Structure of the Arapaho Language
5 Organization of the Grammar
PHONOLOGY
1. Phonology
1.1 Phonemes
1.2 Intermorphemic Rules
1.3 Pitch Accent
1.4 Notes on Phonological Analyses in the Grammar
MORPHOLOGY¿INFLECTION
2. Inflection¿Nouns
2.1 Preliminary: Animacy and Inanimacy
2.2 Plurals
2.3 Obviation
2.4 Noun/Verb Agreement
2.5 Possession
2.6 Vocative
2.7 Locative
3. Inflection¿Verbs
3.1 Preliminary
3.2 Affirmative Order
3.3 Non-affirmative Order
3.4 Imperative Order
3.5 Conjunct Order
3.6 Tense and Aspect
3.7 Tense and Aspect with Vowel-initial Stems
3.8 Conclusion
MORPHOLOGY¿DERIVATION
4. Derivation¿Nouns
4.1 The Base Noun Stem
4.2 Derivational Suffixes
4.3 Grammatical Initials, Prenouns, and Proclitics
4.4 Overall Morphosyntax of the Noun
4.5 Deverbalisation Processes
4.6 Verbal Nouns
5. Derivation¿Verb Finals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preliminary Remarks: Grammatical vs. Semantic Transitivity
5.3 Derivational Finals
5.4 Secondary Derivation and Valence Shifting
5.5 Passives
5.6 Causation
5.7 Rapid Action
5.8 Multiple Secondary Derivational Finals
5.9 Derivation from Verb to Noun, and Noun to Verb
5.10 Samples of Various Verb Stems Based on the Same Root
6. Derivation¿Verb Medials and Concrete Finals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Object/Undergoer Construction
6.3 Body Part Medials
6.4 Instrumental Construction
6.5 Mode of Action Construction
6.6 Topic Construction
6.7 Sensation Construction
6.8 Self-sensation Construction
6.9 Natural Forces Construction
6.10 Contrasting Independent and Dependent (Final) Verbs
6.11 Dependent Verb Finals with Nominal-like Initial Elements
6.12 Additional Nominal Incorporations
6.13 Derivation of Additional Medials and Concrete Finals from Verbs
7. Derivation¿Denominalizations
7.1 Possessive Construction
7.2 ¿Have as a . . .¿ Construction
7.3 Gathering/producting Construction
7.4 Predicative Construction, ¿to be a . . .¿
7.5 Similative Construction, ¿to be like a . . .¿
7.6 Existential Construction, ¿there is . . . here¿
7.7 Impersonal Verb
8. Derivation¿Reduplication
8.1 Formation
8.2 Semantics of Reduplication
8.3 Multiple Reduplications¿of Different Morphemes¿in One Word
8.4 Lexicalized Reduplications
9. Derivation¿Preverbs and Verb Initials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Aspect
9.3 Auxiliary/Modal Forms
9.4 Qualifiers, Quantifiers, Intensifiers, and Delimiters
9.5 Direction and Location
9.6 Time
9.7 Manner
9.8 General Remarks on the Semantics of Arapaho Preverbs/Initials
9.9 Unusual Verb Initial Roots
9.10 Derivation of Additional Preverbs and Verb Initials
9.11 A Derivational Sample
9.12 The Abstract, Deictic Directionals
9.13 /eti-/ Preverb: Unrealized Actions in Main Clauses
9.14 Comparatives and Superlatives
9.15 Semi-independent Detachment Construction
10. Proclitics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phonology
10.3 Morphosyntax
10.4 Syntax and Semantics
USAGE
11. Usage¿Non-affirmative Order
11.1 Wh-/Substantive Questions
11.2 Other Details of Question Constructions
11.3 Admonitive Construction with /ibeexu/
11.4 Aorist Construction with kookóós=
11.5 Potential Construction with /eebeh/
11.6 ¿How . . . !¿ Construction
11.7 ¿Whether¿ Construction: Embedded Yes/No Questions
11.8 ¿Probably¿ Construction
11.9 Contrary-to-fact, Negative Judgment Construction
11.10 ¿Seems . . .¿ Construction with wootíí
11.11 ¿Should be known that . . .¿ Construction with wóóce¿
11.12 Emphatic Negative Construction
11.13 ¿I suppose . . .¿ Construction
11.14 Additional Negative Roots, Preverbs, Proclitics, and Particles
11.15 Affirmative Order Negative Markers
11.16 Narrative Past Tense /e¿ih/ and Other Special Features of Narrative
11.17 Personal Names
11.18 Non-affirmative Inflections with Commands and Requests
11.19 The Concept of Irrealis and Uncertainty in Arapaho
12. Usage¿Imperatives and the Imperative Order
12.1 Lexical Imperatives
12.2 Use of Deictic Directionals with the Imperative
12.3 Indirect Imperatives
12.4 Suggestive/Potential Imperative
12.5 Future Imperative
12.6 Conjunct Order Semi-imperative/Hortatory Construction with /eetih/
12.7 Impersonal Verbs as Command Forms
12.8 Pragmatic Particle tous as Consent to Commands or Suggestions
12.9 Future Tense as Imperative
12.10 Imperative Morphosyntax and Syntax
12.11 Special Forms Used in Prayers
13. Usage¿Conjunct Order
13.1 Conjunct Order, Simple Conjunct Mode
13.2 Conjunct Order, Subjunctive Mode
13.3 Conjunct Order, Iterative Mode
COMPLEX CLAUSES AND SYNTAX
14. The Noun Phrase
14.1 Adjectival Modification
14.2 Demonstratives
14.3 Presentational Constructions
14.4 Noun Sequences
14.5 Definiteness and Indefiniteness
14.6 Pronouns
14.7 Noun Phrase Syntax
15. The Verb Phrase¿Particles
15.1 General Particles
15.2 Locative Particles
15.3 Multiple Particles Together
15.4 Particle/Verb Stem Interaction
15.5 Adverbial Particles
16. The Verb Phrase¿Noun-Verb Agreement
16.1 Proximates and Obviatives
16.2 Object-marking on Verb Stems: A Broader Perspective
16.3 Transitive vs. Semi-transitive Stems: A Text Sample
16.4 /tii/ Semi-transitive Stems
16.5 /yei/ Semi-transitive Stems
16.6 Ditransitive Verbs and Secondary Objects
16.7 Secondary Derivation to Shift the Object Marked on Verb Stems
16.8 Aesthetic and Poetic Factors in Marking Arguments on the Verb
17. The Verb Phrase¿Subordinate Clauses
17.1 Relative Clauses
17.2 Adverbial Clauses
17.3 Complement Clauses
17.4 Relative Roots/Preverbs and Independent Verbs
17.5 Relativizer/Complementizer/Adverbial Clause Markers /toh/ and /tih/
18. Syntax¿Main Clauses and Sentence-level
18.1 NP Occurrence in Main Clauses
18.2 Marked Syntactic Order: NP-V
18.3 Pragmatic Saliency as Determining Factor for Preposed NPs
18.4 Left Dislocation and Apposition
18.5 Shfting from Focused to Unfocused Position
18.6 Tendencies in NP Occurrence and Placement
18.7 Clauses with Two NPs
18.8 Comparative Example: A Text from John Goggles (1883¿1952)
18.9 Word Order and Focus: Beyond NPs
18.10 Syntax of Subordinate Clauses
18.11 Discontinuous Constituents
18.12 Cleft Constructions
18.13 Appositions/Pseudo-clefts, and Right Dislocation
18.14 Copulatives
18.15 Multi-verb, Serial Sequences
19. Discourse-level Features
19.1 Presentational Particles
19.2 Pragmatic Particle wohéí
19.3 Pragmatic Particle nohuusóho¿ and Other Summational Devices
19.4 Sequential preverb /e¿ne¿i¿/ or ¿ne¿i/
19.5 Sequencing Particles
19.6 Emphatic and Gendered Particles and Proclitics
19.7 Emphatic Citational Form
19.8 Greetings and Departures
19.9 Substitutionary/Pausal Particles
20. Numbers, Counting, Times, and Dates
20.1 Count Numbers
20.2 Basic AI/II Number Verbs
20.3 Ordinal Numbers
20.4 Group-Count Forms
20.5 Special Derivational Nominal Suffix for ¿Number of Days¿
20.6 Special Number Preverb for Numbers Used as Substantives
20.7 Number Particles
20.8 The Semantics of Counting in Arapaho
20.9 Times and Dates
21. Variation in Arapaho
21.1 Northern vs. Southern Arapaho
21.2 Northern Arapaho Internal Variation
21.3 Incipient Obsolescence as a Source of Variation
22. Beyond Grammar
Appendices
Verb Tables
Bibliography
Index
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Nearby on shelf for Hyperborean, Indian, and artificial languages / American languages (Aboriginal) / Special languages of the United States and Canada (alphabetically):
University Press of Colorado, 2015 Paper: 978-1-60732-464-5 eISBN: 978-0-87081-994-0 Cloth: 978-0-87081-901-8
The Arapaho Language is the definitive reference grammar of an endangered Algonquian language. Arapaho differs strikingly from other Algonquian languages, making it particularly relevant to the study of historical linguistics and the evolution of grammar. Andrew Cowell and Alonzo Moss Sr. document Arapaho's interesting features, including a pitch-based accent system with no exact Algonquian parallels, radical innovations in the verb system, and complex contrasts between affirmative and non-affirmative statements.
Cowell and Moss detail strategies used by speakers of this highly polysynthetic language to form complex words and illustrate how word formation interacts with information structure. They discuss word order and discourse-level features, treat the special features of formal discourse style and traditional narratives, and list gender-specific particles, which are widely used in conversation. Appendices include full sets of inflections for a variety of verbs.
Arapaho is spoken primarily in Wyoming, with a few speakers in Oklahoma. The corpus used in The Arapaho Language spans more than a century of documentation, including multiple speakers from Wyoming and Oklahoma, with emphasis on recent recordings from Wyoming. The book cites approximately 2,000 language examples drawn largely from natural discourse - either recorded spoken language or texts written by native speakers.
With The Arapaho Language, Cowell and Moss have produced a comprehensive document of a language that, in its departures from its nearest linguistic neighbors, sheds light on the evolution of grammar.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Andrew Cowell is a professor of linguistics at the University of Colorado. Alonzo Moss Sr. is a native speaker of Arapaho from Wyoming who has worked extensively to teach and document the language on the Wind River Reservation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1 The Arapaho People and the Social Contexts of the Arapaho Language
2 The Aims and Purposes of this Grammar
3 The Arapaho Language Sources Used
4 General Introduction to the Structure of the Arapaho Language
5 Organization of the Grammar
PHONOLOGY
1. Phonology
1.1 Phonemes
1.2 Intermorphemic Rules
1.3 Pitch Accent
1.4 Notes on Phonological Analyses in the Grammar
MORPHOLOGY¿INFLECTION
2. Inflection¿Nouns
2.1 Preliminary: Animacy and Inanimacy
2.2 Plurals
2.3 Obviation
2.4 Noun/Verb Agreement
2.5 Possession
2.6 Vocative
2.7 Locative
3. Inflection¿Verbs
3.1 Preliminary
3.2 Affirmative Order
3.3 Non-affirmative Order
3.4 Imperative Order
3.5 Conjunct Order
3.6 Tense and Aspect
3.7 Tense and Aspect with Vowel-initial Stems
3.8 Conclusion
MORPHOLOGY¿DERIVATION
4. Derivation¿Nouns
4.1 The Base Noun Stem
4.2 Derivational Suffixes
4.3 Grammatical Initials, Prenouns, and Proclitics
4.4 Overall Morphosyntax of the Noun
4.5 Deverbalisation Processes
4.6 Verbal Nouns
5. Derivation¿Verb Finals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preliminary Remarks: Grammatical vs. Semantic Transitivity
5.3 Derivational Finals
5.4 Secondary Derivation and Valence Shifting
5.5 Passives
5.6 Causation
5.7 Rapid Action
5.8 Multiple Secondary Derivational Finals
5.9 Derivation from Verb to Noun, and Noun to Verb
5.10 Samples of Various Verb Stems Based on the Same Root
6. Derivation¿Verb Medials and Concrete Finals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Object/Undergoer Construction
6.3 Body Part Medials
6.4 Instrumental Construction
6.5 Mode of Action Construction
6.6 Topic Construction
6.7 Sensation Construction
6.8 Self-sensation Construction
6.9 Natural Forces Construction
6.10 Contrasting Independent and Dependent (Final) Verbs
6.11 Dependent Verb Finals with Nominal-like Initial Elements
6.12 Additional Nominal Incorporations
6.13 Derivation of Additional Medials and Concrete Finals from Verbs
7. Derivation¿Denominalizations
7.1 Possessive Construction
7.2 ¿Have as a . . .¿ Construction
7.3 Gathering/producting Construction
7.4 Predicative Construction, ¿to be a . . .¿
7.5 Similative Construction, ¿to be like a . . .¿
7.6 Existential Construction, ¿there is . . . here¿
7.7 Impersonal Verb
8. Derivation¿Reduplication
8.1 Formation
8.2 Semantics of Reduplication
8.3 Multiple Reduplications¿of Different Morphemes¿in One Word
8.4 Lexicalized Reduplications
9. Derivation¿Preverbs and Verb Initials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Aspect
9.3 Auxiliary/Modal Forms
9.4 Qualifiers, Quantifiers, Intensifiers, and Delimiters
9.5 Direction and Location
9.6 Time
9.7 Manner
9.8 General Remarks on the Semantics of Arapaho Preverbs/Initials
9.9 Unusual Verb Initial Roots
9.10 Derivation of Additional Preverbs and Verb Initials
9.11 A Derivational Sample
9.12 The Abstract, Deictic Directionals
9.13 /eti-/ Preverb: Unrealized Actions in Main Clauses
9.14 Comparatives and Superlatives
9.15 Semi-independent Detachment Construction
10. Proclitics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phonology
10.3 Morphosyntax
10.4 Syntax and Semantics
USAGE
11. Usage¿Non-affirmative Order
11.1 Wh-/Substantive Questions
11.2 Other Details of Question Constructions
11.3 Admonitive Construction with /ibeexu/
11.4 Aorist Construction with kookóós=
11.5 Potential Construction with /eebeh/
11.6 ¿How . . . !¿ Construction
11.7 ¿Whether¿ Construction: Embedded Yes/No Questions
11.8 ¿Probably¿ Construction
11.9 Contrary-to-fact, Negative Judgment Construction
11.10 ¿Seems . . .¿ Construction with wootíí
11.11 ¿Should be known that . . .¿ Construction with wóóce¿
11.12 Emphatic Negative Construction
11.13 ¿I suppose . . .¿ Construction
11.14 Additional Negative Roots, Preverbs, Proclitics, and Particles
11.15 Affirmative Order Negative Markers
11.16 Narrative Past Tense /e¿ih/ and Other Special Features of Narrative
11.17 Personal Names
11.18 Non-affirmative Inflections with Commands and Requests
11.19 The Concept of Irrealis and Uncertainty in Arapaho
12. Usage¿Imperatives and the Imperative Order
12.1 Lexical Imperatives
12.2 Use of Deictic Directionals with the Imperative
12.3 Indirect Imperatives
12.4 Suggestive/Potential Imperative
12.5 Future Imperative
12.6 Conjunct Order Semi-imperative/Hortatory Construction with /eetih/
12.7 Impersonal Verbs as Command Forms
12.8 Pragmatic Particle tous as Consent to Commands or Suggestions
12.9 Future Tense as Imperative
12.10 Imperative Morphosyntax and Syntax
12.11 Special Forms Used in Prayers
13. Usage¿Conjunct Order
13.1 Conjunct Order, Simple Conjunct Mode
13.2 Conjunct Order, Subjunctive Mode
13.3 Conjunct Order, Iterative Mode
COMPLEX CLAUSES AND SYNTAX
14. The Noun Phrase
14.1 Adjectival Modification
14.2 Demonstratives
14.3 Presentational Constructions
14.4 Noun Sequences
14.5 Definiteness and Indefiniteness
14.6 Pronouns
14.7 Noun Phrase Syntax
15. The Verb Phrase¿Particles
15.1 General Particles
15.2 Locative Particles
15.3 Multiple Particles Together
15.4 Particle/Verb Stem Interaction
15.5 Adverbial Particles
16. The Verb Phrase¿Noun-Verb Agreement
16.1 Proximates and Obviatives
16.2 Object-marking on Verb Stems: A Broader Perspective
16.3 Transitive vs. Semi-transitive Stems: A Text Sample
16.4 /tii/ Semi-transitive Stems
16.5 /yei/ Semi-transitive Stems
16.6 Ditransitive Verbs and Secondary Objects
16.7 Secondary Derivation to Shift the Object Marked on Verb Stems
16.8 Aesthetic and Poetic Factors in Marking Arguments on the Verb
17. The Verb Phrase¿Subordinate Clauses
17.1 Relative Clauses
17.2 Adverbial Clauses
17.3 Complement Clauses
17.4 Relative Roots/Preverbs and Independent Verbs
17.5 Relativizer/Complementizer/Adverbial Clause Markers /toh/ and /tih/
18. Syntax¿Main Clauses and Sentence-level
18.1 NP Occurrence in Main Clauses
18.2 Marked Syntactic Order: NP-V
18.3 Pragmatic Saliency as Determining Factor for Preposed NPs
18.4 Left Dislocation and Apposition
18.5 Shfting from Focused to Unfocused Position
18.6 Tendencies in NP Occurrence and Placement
18.7 Clauses with Two NPs
18.8 Comparative Example: A Text from John Goggles (1883¿1952)
18.9 Word Order and Focus: Beyond NPs
18.10 Syntax of Subordinate Clauses
18.11 Discontinuous Constituents
18.12 Cleft Constructions
18.13 Appositions/Pseudo-clefts, and Right Dislocation
18.14 Copulatives
18.15 Multi-verb, Serial Sequences
19. Discourse-level Features
19.1 Presentational Particles
19.2 Pragmatic Particle wohéí
19.3 Pragmatic Particle nohuusóho¿ and Other Summational Devices
19.4 Sequential preverb /e¿ne¿i¿/ or ¿ne¿i/
19.5 Sequencing Particles
19.6 Emphatic and Gendered Particles and Proclitics
19.7 Emphatic Citational Form
19.8 Greetings and Departures
19.9 Substitutionary/Pausal Particles
20. Numbers, Counting, Times, and Dates
20.1 Count Numbers
20.2 Basic AI/II Number Verbs
20.3 Ordinal Numbers
20.4 Group-Count Forms
20.5 Special Derivational Nominal Suffix for ¿Number of Days¿
20.6 Special Number Preverb for Numbers Used as Substantives
20.7 Number Particles
20.8 The Semantics of Counting in Arapaho
20.9 Times and Dates
21. Variation in Arapaho
21.1 Northern vs. Southern Arapaho
21.2 Northern Arapaho Internal Variation
21.3 Incipient Obsolescence as a Source of Variation
22. Beyond Grammar
Appendices
Verb Tables
Bibliography
Index
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
It can take 2-3 weeks for requests to be filled.
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE