List of Maps • Preface • Introduction Zionism and the Mandate, 1882–1948 Timeline • Manifesto, Summer 1882 – Bilu • Auto-Emancipation, October 17, 1882 – Leon Pinsker • A Solution of the Jewish Question, January 17, 1896 – Theodor Herzl • The Basle Program, August 31, 1897 – First Zionist Congress • The First Zionist Congress, August–September 1897 – Ahad Ha’am • The Collective, 1904–1909: Memoir – Manya Shochat • Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917 – Lord Balfour, for the British Cabinet • Zionist Manifesto, December 21, 1917 – London Bureau of the Zionist Organization • Palestine White Paper, June 3, 1922 – Winston Churchill, for the British Government • Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 – Council of the League of Nations • The Iron Wall, November 4, 1923 – Vladimir (Zeev) Jabotinsky • Report Conclusions, July 7, 1937 – Peel Commission • The Arab Awakening, 1938 – George Antonius • White Paper, May 17, 1939 – Malcolm MacDonald, for the British Government • The Biltmore Program, May 11, 1942 – Emergency Committee of Zionist Affairs • Charter, March 22, 1945 – League of Arab States • Status-Quo Agreement, June 19, 1947 – David Ben-Gurion, for the Jewish Agency Executive • Proposals to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, July 23, 1947 – Ihud • Resolution 181, November 29, 1947 – United Nations General Assembly • Meeting of the National Administration and the Formation of a Provisional Government of Israel, May 12, 1948: Memoir – Zeev Sharef The New State of Israel, 1948–1956 Timeline Domestic Issues Proclamation of the State of Israel,May 14, 1948 – Jewish Agency Executive • The War of Independence, May 1948: Memoir – David Ben-Gurion • First Ordinance of the State of Israel, May 19, 1948 – Provisional Government of Israel • Ordinance on the Israel Defense Forces, May 26, 1948 – Provisional Government of Israel • Declaration of a Provisional Palestinian Civil Administration, July 10, 1948 – League of Arab States • Resolution 194, December 11, 1948 – United Nations General Assembly • Jewish Religion and Israeli Democracy, 1948–1953: Memoir and Analysis – Isaac Olshan • The Debate on a Constitution, February 1 and June 13, 1950 – Israel First Knesset • The Law of Return, July 5, 1950 – Israel First Knesset • The Absorption of Immigrants, August 1951 – Giora Josephtal • The German Reparations, December 1951–March 1952: Memoir – Nahum Goldmann • The Transformation of the Israeli Army, 1952–1955: Memoir – Moshe Dayan • Memorandum on the Mishap in Egypt, October 1954 – Benyamin Givli • Foreign Policy Issues The Jordanian-Israeli Negotiations, March 22–23, 1949: Memoir – Abdullah al-Tal • Armistice Agreement between Syria and Israel, July 20, 1949 • Report Conclusions, November 20, 1951 – United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine • The Challenge of the Fedayeen, February–August 1955: Analysis – Ehud Yaari • Israel’s Foreign and Middle Eastern Policy, May 28, 1955 - Moshe Sharett • The Clash with David Ben-Gurion over Defense Policies, July 31, 1955 - Moshe Sharett • The Quest for Arms, 1948–1967: Memoir – Shimon Peres • The Anderson Mission, January–March 1956: Memoir – Yaacov Herzog • The Background to the Sinai Campaign, November 1956: Memoir – Yaacov Herzog • Israel and the Jewish Diaspora, 1948–1959: Analysis – Walter Eytan From the Sinai Campaign to the Six-Day War, 1956–1967 Timeline Domestic Issues The Development Town, 1956–1966: Analysis – Emmanuel Marx • Social and Ethnic Tensions in Wadi Salib, 1959: Memoir – David Ben-Gurion • The Capture of Adolf Eichmann, May 24 and August 8, 1960 – David Ben-Gurion • The Lavon Affair, 1961: Analysis – J. L. Talmon • Jewish Religion and Israeli Nationality: The Brother Daniel Case, March 14, November 19, December 6, 1962 – Israel Supreme Court • The Transition from David Ben-Gurion to Levi Eshkol, June 1963: Memoir – Teddy Kollek • The Formation of a Center–Right-Wing Bloc, February–May 1965: Memoir – Yohanan Bader • From “Israeli Arabs” to “Israel’s Palestinian Citizens,”1948–1996: Analysis – Itamar Rabinovich Foreign Policy Issues The Formulation of the Eisenhower Doctrine, January–March 1957 – Dwight David Eisenhower • David Ben-Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery, 1958: Analysis – Michael Bar-Zohar • David Ben-Gurion and Israel’s Regional and International Position, 1958: Analysis – Michael Bar-Zohar • Israel’s Beginnings in Africa, 1956–1973: Memoir – Ehud Avriel • American Arms for Israel, 1960–1964: Memoir – Shimon Peres • The Arab Summit Conferences, May 31, 1965 – Gamal Abdul Nasser • The Conflict with Israel, March 1966 – Syrian Ba’ath Party • The Last Stages of the Crisis, May 1967: Memoir – Yitzhak Rabin • The Nasser-Hussein Reconciliation, May 1967: Memoir – Zayd al-Rifa’i Years of Euphoria, 1967–1973 Timeline Domestic Issues Administering the West Bank, June 1967: Analysis – Shabtai Teveth • The Conflict between Moshe Dayan and Pinhas Sapir, 1968: Analysis – Shabtai Teveth • The Israeli Left, 1970: Analysis – Amnon Rubinstein • The Black Panthers, 1971: Analysis – Lea Ben-Dor Foreign Policy Issues The Land-for-Peace Principle, June 19, 1967 – Government of Israel • The Soviet Union and the Six-Day War, June 19, 1967 – Alexei Kosygin • The Khartoum Resolutions, September 1, 1967 – Fourth Arab Summit Conference • Resolution 242, November 22, 1967 – United Nations Security Council • The Palestine National Charter, July 17, 1968 – Palestine Liberation Organization • The War of Attrition, 1968–1970: Memoir – Ezer Weizman • The Jordanian Crisis, September 1970: Memoir – Yitzhak Rabin • Political Program, January 12, 1973 – Palestine Liberation Organization • The Eve of the Yom Kippur War, Spring–Summer 1973: Memoir – Hanoch Bartov • The Turning Point in the Yom Kippur War, October 16, 1973 – David Elazar • The Yom Kippur War, October 1973: Analysis – Mordechai Gazit War, Peace, and War Again, 1973–1982 Timeline Domestic Issues Interim Report, April 1, 1974 – Agranat Commission • The Protest Movements in the Aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, June 7, 1974 – Motti Ashkenazi • Israel’s Road to Feminism, 1973–2000: Analysis – Hanna Herzog • Prospects for the New Government, May 19–20, 1977 – Menahem Begin • The Ideology of the National Religious Party, 1977: Analysis – Yehuda Ben-Meir • Opinion Paper, January 1978 – Gush Emunim • A Soviet Jewish Intellectual Abroad, December 1978 – Simon Markish • Manifesto, March 25, 1979 – National Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands • Platform, 1980 – Peace Now • The 1981 Elections, Fall 1981: Analysis – Asher Arian Foreign Policy Issues Resolution 338, October 22, 1973 – United Nations Security Council • Decision to Accept Resolution 338, October 22, 1973 – Israeli Cabinet • The Six-Point Agreement between Egypt and Israel, November 11, 1973 • Sixth Arab Summit Conference, Algiers, Overview and Resolutions, November 28, 1973 – League of Arab States • Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement, December 1973–January 1974: Analysis – William B. Quandt • Memorandum of Understanding between the United States and Israel, January 18, 1974 • Seventh Arab Summit Conference, Rabat Resolutions, October 29, 1974 – League of Arab States • Political Program, June 9, 1974 – Palestine Liberation Organization • Disengagement Agreement between Egypt and Israel, September 4, 1975 • Memorandum of Agreement between the United States and Israel regarding the Geneva Peace Conference, September 17, 1975 • Resolution 3379 (Anti-Zionist Resolution), November 10, 1975 – United Nations General Assembly • Speech to the General Assembly on the Anti-Zionist Resolution, November 10, 1975 – Chaim Herzog • The United States and the Palestinian Issue, December 1, 1975 – Harold H. Saunders • Yigal Allon in the Palace of the Shah, August 1976: Memoir – Uri Lubrani • Speeches to the Knesset, November 20, 1977 – Anwar Sadat and Menahem Begin • Autonomy Plan, December 28, 1977 – Government of Israel • Resolutions 425 and 426, March 19, 1978 – United Nations Security Council • Camp David Accords, September 17, 1978 • Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt, March 26, 1979 • The West Bank and Gaza within the Framework of a Middle East Peace Settlement, 1948–1979: Analysis – Yigal Allon • A Survey of Israel’s Contacts with Jordan, April 25, 1980: Analysis – Moshe Zak • The Reagan Peace Plan, September 1, 1982 – Ronald Reagan • The War in Lebanon, Summer 1982: Memoir – Ariel Sharon • Report on the 1982 War in Lebanon, February 7, 1983 – Kahan Commission From War in Lebanon to Hope for Peace in Madrid, 1982–1991 Timeline Domestic Issues On Behalf of Pluralism, December 1982 – Amos Oz • The New Historiography: Israel Confronts Its Past, Autumn 1988: Analysis of 1947–1949 – Benny Morris • The “New Historians”: The Past Is Not a Foreign Country, 1988–1996: Analysis – Anita Shapira • The Quandaries of an Israeli Minister of Absorption, 1989–1994: Memoir – Yair Tzaban • The Ethiopian Emigration, May 1991: Memoir – Micha Feldman Foreign Policy Issues The Hezbollah Program: An Open Letter, February 16, 1985 – Hezbollah • The London Agreement between Jordan and Israel, April 11, 1987 • The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement, August 18, 1988 – Hamas • The Madrid Middle East Peace Conference, October 30–November 2, 1991: Memoir – James A. Baker Chapter 7. A Decade of Hope, 1991–2000 Timeline Domestic Issues Position Papers, 1988 – Meimad • Speech to the Knesset on the 1992 Elections, July 13, 1992 – Yitzhak Rabin • Alice Miller v. Minister of Defense, November 8, 1995 – Israel Supreme Court • United Mizrahi Bank v. Migdal Cooperative Village, November 9, 1995 – Israel Law Review • Report on Yitzhak Rabin’s Assassination, 1996 – Shamgar Commission • Arye Deri’s Speech of April 23, 1997: Analysis – Aryeh Dayan • Report on the Conversion Law, January 22, 1998 – Neeman Commission • Arab Citizens of Palestine: Little to Celebrate, 1998:Analysis – Azmi Bishara • A Russian Immigrant Looks at Israeli (or Jewish?) Culture, 1998: Analysis – Anna Isakova • The 1996 and 1999 Elections in Israel, 1996, 1999: Analysis – Reuven Y. Hazan • Between the Lines of the Election Results, May 24, 1999 – Avirama Golan • Report on Clashes between the Security Forces and Israeli Citizens in October 2000, September 1, 2003 – Orr Commission • Revolution and Counterrevolution: The Israel Supreme Court from the 1980s Onward, 1980–2004: Analysis – Ehud Eiran Foreign Policy Issues The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations, August 1993: Analysis – Itamar Rabinovich • Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, September 13, 1993 • Peace Treaty between Jordan and Israel, October 26, 1994 • Speech to the Knesset, October 27, 1994 – William Jefferson Clinton • Opposition to Any Accommodation with Israel, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999 – Hamas • Oslo II Accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, September 28, 1995 • Amendment to the Palestine National Charter, May 4, 1996 – Palestinian Authority • Wye River Memorandum between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, October 23, 1998 • The Appeal of the Palestinian People on the Fiftieth Anniversary of al-Naqba, 1948–1998 – Mahmoud Darwish • Resolution on Withdrawal from Lebanon, March 5, 2000 – Government of Israel • Proposal for Israeli-Palestinian Peace, December 23, 2000 – William Jefferson Clinton • Evolution of Palestinian-Israeli Negotiations, 2000–2001: Analysis – Martin Indyk • Mitchell Report, May 4, 2001 – Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Postscript, after 2000 Timeline The Arab Peace Initiative (Beirut Declaration), March 28, 2002 – League of Arab States • Remarks on the Middle East, June 24, 2002 – George W. Bush • A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, April 30, 2003 – Government of the United States • Israel and Iraq after the Fall of Saddam Hussein, March 2004 – Gal Luft • Resolution regarding the Disengagement Plan, June 6, 2004 – Government of Israel • Speech to the World without Zionism Conference, Teheran, October 28, 2005 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Speech to the Arab Lawyers Union Annual Convention, January 21, 2006 – Bashar al-Assad • Speech to the Knesset on Israel’s New Government, May 4, 2006 – Ehud Olmert • Speech to the Knesset on the Israeli-Hezbollah Summer War, July 17, 2006 – Ehud Olmert • Resolution 1701, August 11, 2006 – United Nations Security Council • Speech at the Rabin Memorial Ceremony, Tel Aviv, November 4, 2006 – David Grossman Appendices Appendix 1. Presidents of the State of Israel, 1949–2007 • Appendix 2. Chiefs of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, 1939–2007 • Appendix 3. Governments of Israel, 1948–2006 • Appendix 4. Valid Votes for Prime Minister Elections, 1996, 1999, 2001 • Appendix 5. Jewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel, 1517–2004 • Appendix 6. Jewish Settlements Established in Palestine, Israel, and the Administered Territories by Region and Period of Settlement, before 1870–1997 • Appendix 7. Immigration to Israel, 1948–2004 • Appendix 8. Immigrants to Israel from Arab Countries, 1948–2004 • Appendix 9. American Immigration to Israel, 1948–2004 • Appendix 10. Jewish Immigration to Israel from the Soviet Union and Former Soviet Union, 1968–2004 • Appendix 11. Change in Level of Consumer Price Indices, 1973–2005 • Appendix 12. Number of Institutions and Students in the Educational System, 1948–2005 Glossary • Index