Early State Formation in Central Madagascar: An Archaeological Survey of Western Avaradrano
edited by Henry T. Wright
University of Michigan Press, 2007
Paper: 978-0-915703-63-0 | eISBN: 978-1-951519-83-4
Library of Congress Classification GN661.M2E37 2007
Dewey Decimal Classification 969.101
Paper: 978-0-915703-63-0 | eISBN: 978-1-951519-83-4
Library of Congress Classification GN661.M2E37 2007
Dewey Decimal Classification 969.101
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Distant Madagascar, the island at the end of the world, has many lessons to teach. The ancestors of the Malagasy people established themselves at least 1500 years ago. Again and again since their arrival, the Malagasy have created new kinds of political communities. This study concerns archaeological survey and excavations in the indigenous state of Imerina in the central highlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents LIST OF FIGURES, 000 LIST OF TABLES, 000 FOREWORD, 000 PREFACE, 000 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION, 000 Madagascar and the Rise of the Merina State, 000 Building Complex Economic and Political Systems, 000 Archaeological Survey and the Study of Complex Social Forms, 000 A History of Archaeological Research in Central Madagascar, 000 Plan of the Present Work, 000 CHAPTER 2. LANDSCAPE AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN WESTERN AVARADRANO, 000 The Landscape, 000 Holocene Environmental Change in Imerina, 000 Traditional Life in Western Avaradrano, 000 The Survey Projects of 1975, 000 The Survey Projects of 1980 to 1989, 000 Survey Methods Used in Avaradrano, 000 CHAPTER 3. CERAMICS AND CULTURAL PHASES IN CENTRAL IMERINA, 000 Introduction to the Issues of Survey Chronology, 000 Proposed Ceramic Chronology of 1975, 000 New Chronological Evidence from the Stratigraphic Soundings in Avaradrano: 1983, 000 New Chronological Evidence from Excavations Elsewhere in Imerina: 1980-1985, 000 New Chronological Evidence from Soundings and Excavations in Avaradrano: 1985-1989, 000 Ceramic Chronology Used in the Present Work, 000 CHAPTER 4. THE ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS OF AVARADRANO, 000 Introduction, 000 Ditches and Banks, 000 Entries, Gates and Discs, by Sigrid Gabler, 000 Houses, 000 Pits and Other Storage Structures, 000 Cattle Byres, 000 Tombs, 000 Monoliths, 000 Comment, 000 CHAPTER 5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN WESTERN AVARADRANO, 000 Imerina at the Time of Human Settlement, 000 Fiekena Phase, 000 Antanambe Phase, 000 Ankatso Phase, 000 Angavobe Phase, 000 Ambohidray Phase, 000 Kaloy Phase, 000 Fiadanana Phase, 000 Processual Assessment of Population Changes in Western Avaradrano, by Robert E. Dewar, 000 CHAPTER 6. COMMENTS, 000 Archaeology and Historical Traditions, 000 Evaluating Ideas about State Formation with the Evidence from Western Avaradrano, 000 The Archaeological Evidence of Cultural Development in Western Avaradrano, 000 Toward New Explanatory Constructs of Political Transformation in Imerina, 000 Future Archaeological Research in Imerina, 000 GLOSSARY, by Susan Kus, 000 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 000 APPENDIX A. CATALOGUE OF SITE INFORMATION, by Henry T. Wright and Susan Kus, 000 Archaeological Sites in the Kingdom of Marovatana, 000 Archaeological Sites in the Kingdom of Ambohimanga, 000 Archaeological Sites in the Kingdom of Ilafy, 000 APPENDIX B. DETERMINATIONS OF ABSOLUTE DATES FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN CENTRAL MADAGASCAR, by Henry Wright, Andrianaivoarivony Rafolo, Ian Bailiff, David Burney, Herbert Haas, Victor Raharijaona, Solo Rakotovololona, David Rasamuel, and Robert Dewar, 000 Introduction, 000 Palynological Sites, 000 Archaeological Sites, 000 General Comment, 000 Acknowledgments, 000 Bibliography, 000 APPENDIX C. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF MADAGASCAR, by Wilma Wetterstrom and Henry T. Wright, 000 Introduction, 000 The Archaeological Plant Record, 000 Recovering and Analyzing Archaeological Plant Remains, 000 Methods and Procedures, 000 Archaeobotanical Samples from Central Madagascar, 000 The Taxa, 000 Discussion, 000 Future Prospects, 000 References, 000 APPENDIX D. POPULATION AND PRODUCTION IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MADAGASCAR: ANALYZING ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS, by George Schwartz, 000 Principles of Site Catchment Analysis, 000 Diet and Rice Field Requirements, 000 Site Populations, 000 Analysis from the Standpoint of the Demand for Rice: The Example of the Ambohimanga District in Western Avaradrano, 000 Conclusions, 000 Future Research, 000 References, 000 APPENDIX E. AMBOHIMANGA: STATE FORMATION AND THE SYMBOLIC ORGANIZATION OF SPACE, by Susan Kus, 000 Conclusion, 000 References, 000 Figures Frontispiece. ??????????? 1.1. Map of Madagascar showing Avaradrano and other intensive surveys, 000 2.1. Western Avaradrano, 000 3.1. Sections of operation C, Ambohinanjakana, 000 3.2. Jar sherds from Ambohinanjakana, Ex. C, Layers 3-10, Ambohidray Phase, 000 3.3. Bowl sherds from Ambohinanjakana, Ex. C, Layers 3-10, Early Kaloy Phase, 000 3.4. Ceramics from Ambohinanjakana, Ex. C, Layers 1-2, Early Kaloy Phase, 000 3.5. Sections of operation D, Amboatany, 000 3.6. Ceramics from Amboatany, Ex. D, Late Kaloy and Fiadanana Phases, 000 3.7. Ceramics from Amboatany, Ex. D, Late Kaloy and Fiadanana Phases, 000 3.8. Section of unfinished cut, Ambohidahy, 000 3.9. Ceramics from Ambohidahy, Antanambe Phase, 000 3.10. Fiekena Phase ceramics, 000 3.11. Antanambe Phase ceramics, 000 3.12. Ankatso Phase ceramics, 000 3.13. Angavobe Phase ceramics, 000 3.14. Ambohidray Phase ceramics, 000 3.15. Early Kaloy Phase ceramics, 000 3.16. Late Kaloy and Fiadanana Phase ceramics, 000 4.1. Banks and small gates, 000 4.2. Large gates, 000 4.3. Histograms and cross plot of gate width and disc diameter, 000 4.4. Besakana: the palace of Andrianamasinavalona at Antananarivo, 000 4.5. Mahandrihono: the palace of Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga, 000 4.6. Types of tombs, 000 5.1. Fiekena Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.2. Antanambe Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.3. Ankatso Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.4. Angavobe Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.5. Ambohidray Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.6. Early Kaloy Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.7. Late Kaloy Phase settlement pattern in western Avaradrano, 000 5.8. Ambohimanga, showing some of the gates, the pattern of ditches, slopes, and rice paddies ca. 1967, 000 5.9. Ilafy, showing the pattern of ditches, slopes, and rice paddies ca. 1967, 000 5.10. Ambohidrabiby, showing the pattern of ditches, slopes, and rice paddies ca. 1967, 000 5.11. Histograms of site sizes for successive phases, 000 5.12. Histogram of population estimates for western Avaradrano, 000 6.1. ??????, 000 Appendix Figures A1. Key for maps, 000 A2. Site 512.3-815.5, 000 A3. Site 512.5-814.2, 000 A4. Site 512.7-814.1, 000 A5. Site 512.8-812.7, 000 A6. Site 512.9-814.7, 000 A7. Site 513.0-813.4, 000 A8. Site 513.2-812.6, 000 A9. Site 513.2-813.3, 000 A10. Site 513.4-812.6, 000 A11. Site 513.8-811.7, 000 A12. Site 513.9-812.5, 000 A13. Site 513.0-815.9, 000 A14. Site 513.4-815.2, 000 A15. Site 513.7-814.4, 000 A16. Site 513.7-815.1, 000 A17. Site 513.7-816.2, 000 A18. Site 513.7-816.6, 000 A19. Site 514.2-813.7, 000 A20. Site 514.2-814.6, 000 A21. Site 514.5-813.8, 000 A22. Site 514.5-815.2, 000 A23. Site 514.5-816.4, 000 A24. Site 514.7-814.2, 000 A25. Site 514.7-814.4, 000 A26. Site 514.7-815.0, 000 A27. Site 514.7-815.6, 000 A28. Site 514.8-814.1, 000 A29. Site 514.9-812.6, 000 A30. Site 515.0-813.5, 000 A31. Site 515.0-813.6, 000 A32. Site 515.0-814.0, 000 A33. Site 515.0-815.6, 000 A34. Site 515.1-811.5, 000 A35. Site 515.1-813.0, 000 A36. Site 515.2-814.8, 000 A37. Site 515.2-814.8, 000 A38. Site 515.2-815.9, 000 A39. Site 515.3-810.4, 000 A40. Site 515.3-815.9, 000 A41. Site 515.5-815.0, 000 A42. Site 515.5-816.7. 000 A43. Site 515.8-813.7, 000 A44. Site 515.8-816.4, 000 A45. Site 515.9-812.5, 000 A46. Site 515.9-813.5, 000 A47. Site 515.9-816.8, 000 A48. Site 516.0-814.9, 000 A49. Site 515.8-814.8, 000 A50. Site 516.0-814.9, 000 A51. Site 516.0-816.5, 000 A52. Site 516.2-810.3, 000 A53. Site 516.2-813.0, 000 A54. Site 516.2-813.1, 000 A55. Site 516.2-814.1, 000 A56. Site 516.2-815.0, 000 A57. Site 516.2-815.0, 000 A58. Site 516.4-815.2, 000 A59. Site 516.6-810.4, 000 A60. Site 516.6-812.6, 000 A61. Site 516.7-816.6, 000 A62. Site 516.8-813.6, 000 A63. Site 516.9-815.8, 000 A64. Site 517.2-815.0, 000 A65. Site 517.2-815.0, 000 A66. Site 517.2-816.3, 000 A67. Site 517.2-817.1, 000 A68. Site 517.3-815.7, 000 A69. Site 517.4-809.3, 000 A70. Sites 517.4-815.8 and 517.5-815.9, 000 A71. Site 517.4-816.7, 000 A72. Site 517.6-814.0, 000 A73. Site 517.8-812.8, 000 A74. Site 517.8-816.1, 000 A75. Site 517.9-816.2, 000 A76. Site 518.0-812.0, 000 A77. Site 518.1-816.4, 000 A78. Site 518.1-816.5, 000 A79. Site 518.2-815.9, 000 A80. Site 518.3-812.3, 000 A81. Ceramics from various parts of Ambohimanga, 000 A82. Site 518.5-811.2, 000 A83. Site 518.6-809.9, 000 A84. Site 518.7-813.1, 000 A85. Site 518.9-811.4, 000 A86. Site 518.9-811.8, 000 A87. Site 519.0-809.9, 000 A88. Site 519.0-814.3, 000 A89. Site 519.1-808.8, 000 A90. Site 519.1-812.5, 000 A91. Site 519.1-816.6, 000 A92. Site 519.2-810.1, 000 A93. Site 519.3-808.8, 000 A94. Site 519.4-811.3, 000 A95. Site 519.6-811.6, 000 A96. Sites 519.4-811.6, 519.4-811.9, and 519.5-811.8, 000 A97. Site 519.4-812.1, 000 A98. Site 519.5-811.8, 000 A99. Sites 519.5-812.8, 519.6-812.8, 519.6-813.0, and 519.7-812.8, 000 A100. Site 519.6-813.0, 000 A101. Site 519.6-814.1, 000 A102. Site 519.7-812.8, 000 A103. Site 519.8-815.6, 000 A104. Site 519.9-814.2, 000 A105. Site 519.9-815.1, 000 A106. Site 520.0-808.5, 000 A107. Site 520.0-810.4, 000 A108. Site 520.1-813.0, 000 A109. Site 520.2-808.8, 000 A110. Site 520.2-816.0, 000 A111. Site 520.3-811.5, 000 A112. Site 520.3-816.0, 000 A113. Site 520.2-815.2, 000 A114. Site 520.4-815.3, 000 A115. Site 520.4-816.0, 000 A116. Site 520.5-812.6, 000 A117. Site 520.6-815.1, 000 A118. Site 520.9-809.5, 000 A119. Site 521.0-810.0, 000 A120. Site 521.2-811.1, 000 A121. Site 521.3-814.3, 000 A122. Site 521.3-815.4, 000 A123. Site 521.5-814.3, 000 A124. Site 521.6-816.0, 000 A125. Site 521.7-810.8, 000 A126. Site 521.7-811.2, 000 A127. Site 521.9-811.1, 000 A128. Site 522.0-815.5, 000 A129. Site 522.1-809.0, 000 A130. Site 522.2-809.1, 000 A131. Site 522.2-813.4, 000 A132. Site 522.4-809.8, 000 A133. Site 522.4-811.3, 000 A134. Site 522.4-813.8, 000 A135. Site 522.5-813.8, 000 A136. Site 522.7-810.8, 000 A137. Site 522.7-812.5, 000 A138. Site 522.8-815.2, 000 A139. Site 523.0-814.8, 000 A140. Site 523.1-811.9, 000 A141. Site 523.1-814.9, 000 A142. Site 523.2-810.9, 000 A143. Site 523.3-814.6, 000 A144. Site 523.4-813.6, 000 A145. Site 523.4-814.4, 000 A146. Site 523.4-814.7, 000 A147. Site 523.4-814.8, 000 A148. Site 523.4-815.0, 000 A149. Site 523.5-810.8, 000 A150. Sites 523.5-811.2 and 523.6-811.5, 000 A151. Site 523.6-812.8, 000 A152. Site 523.7-814.8, 000 A153. Site 523.8-810.0, 000 A154. Site 523.9-810.2, 000 A155. Site 524.0-812.3, 000 A156. Site 524.1-814.1, 000 A157. Site 524.2-814.2, 000 A158. Site 524.3-812.5, 000 A159. Site 524.3-812.5, 000 A160. Site 524.4-809.9, 000 A161. Site 524.4-810.1, 000 A162. Site 524.8-813.5, 000 A163. Site 525.0-812.2, 000 A164. Site 525.4-813.0, 000 A165. Site 525.4-814.2, 000 A166. Site 525.5-813.6, 000 A167. Site 526.1-812.7, 000 A168. Site 526.2-814.2, 000 A169. Site 516.0-807.4, 000 A170. Site 516.5-807.4, 000 A171. Site 516.7-806.3, 000 A172. Site 517.0-806.9, 000 A173. Site 517.1-805.5, 000 A174. Site 517.2-806.8, 000 A175. Site 518.0-805.1, 000 A176. Site 518.3-806.3, 000 A177. Site 518.4-808.3, 000 A178. Site 519.6-807.0, 000 A179. Site 519.7-805.5, 000 A180. Site 519.8-806.1, 000 A181. Site 519.9-806.4, 000 A182. Site 520.7-807.7, 000 A183. Site 521.3-807.8, 000 A184. Site 521.5-808.3, 000 A185. Site 521.3-808.4, 000 A186. Site 522.2-808.8, 000 A187. Site 522.5-809.3, 000 A188. Site 522.5-809.5, 000 B1. Calibrated absolute dates for Central Madagascar, 000 D1. Developing land use in Ambohimanga area, 000 E1. Four cardinal directions and system of vintana, 000 E2. Seven gates of Ambohimanga, 000 E3. Rova as center, 000 E4. Village as center, 000 Tables 3.1. Summary of excavated units at Ambohinanjakana and Amboatany. 3.2. Summary of excavated units at Ambohinanjakana and Amboatany. 4.1. Ambohidray ditches and banks in western Avaradrano, 000 4.2. Kaloy ditches and walls in western Avaradrano, 000 4.3. Sites with gates and discs, 000 4.4. Ambohidray-Early Kaloy byres in western Avaradrano, 000 4.5. Late Kaloy byres in western Avaradrano, 000 4.6. Stone tomb types on newly founded sites of each phase, 000 5.1. Fiekena Phase settlements in western Avaradrano, 000 5.2. Antanambe Phase settlements in western Avaradrano, 000 5.3. Ankatso Phase settlements in western Avaradrano, 000 5.4. Angavobe Phase settlements in western Avaradrano, 000 5.5. Ambohidray Phase centers, villages, and hamlets in western Avaradrano, 000 5.6. Early Kaloy Phase centers, villages, and hamlets in western Avaradrano, 000 5.7. Late Kaloy Phase centers, subsidiary centers, villages, and hamlets in western Avaradrano, 000 5.8. Sites (continuing, founded, abandoned, or both) by phase, in western Avaradrano, 000 5.9. Estimated simultaneously occupied settlements by type, 000 5.10. Estimated total populations by phase, 000 Appendix Tables D1. Ambohimanga district: summary of Ambohidray, Early Kaloy and Late Kaloy Phases, 000 D2. Ambohimanga district: Ambohidray Phase, 000 D3. Ambohimanga district: Early Kaloy Phase, 000 D4. Ambohimanga district: Late Kaloy Phase, 000 E1. Major gates according to the cardinal directions, 000 E2. Major gates with respect to the system of vintana, 000
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