ABOUT THIS BOOK

Conflicts over subterranean resources, particularly tin, oil, and natural gas, have driven Bolivian politics for nearly a century. “Resource nationalism”—the conviction that resource wealth should be used for the benefit of the “nation”—has often united otherwise disparate groups, including mineworkers, urban workers, students, war veterans, and middle-class professionals, and propelled an indigenous union leader, Evo Morales, into the presidency in 2006. Blood of the Earth reexamines the Bolivian mobilization around resource nationalism that began in the 1920s, crystallized with the 1952 revolution, and continues into the twenty-first century.

Drawing on a wide array of Bolivian and US sources, Kevin A. Young reveals that Bolivia became a key site in a global battle among economic models, with grassroots coalitions demanding nationalist and egalitarian alternatives to market capitalism. While US-supported moderates within the revolutionary regime were able to defeat more radical forces, Young shows how the political culture of resource nationalism, though often comprising contradictory elements, constrained government actions and galvanized mobilizations against neoliberalism in later decades. His transnational and multilevel approach to the 1952 revolution illuminates the struggles among Bolivian popular sectors, government officials, and foreign powers, as well as the competing currents and visions within Bolivia’s popular political cultures. Offering a fresh appraisal of the Bolivian Revolution, resource nationalism, and the Cold War in Latin America, Blood of the Earth is an ideal case study for understanding the challenges shared by countries across the Global South.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Kevin A. Young is an assistant professor of history at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

REVIEWS

The importance of this book to contemporary conversations about extractivism in Bolivia cannot be overstated.

— Latin American Perspectives

[Young] draws a complex and fascinating picture of the struggles over mining and oil from the Chaco War in the 1930s through the 1952 Revolution and the unraveling of the revolutionary state in the 1960s.

— Against the Current

Young is to be congratulated on creating a comprehensive history of recent Bolivian history that also offers a new lens for interpreting Latin American populism. It is one of the finest examples of the recent, and very welcome, production of works on Latin American economic history.

— The Americas

Young expertly contextualizes his discussion of resource nationalism with previous attempts to bring natural resources under governmental control...[A] compelling and wonderful book.

— American Historical Review

Blood of the Earth makes a significant contribution to the historiography of the Bolivian revolution and provides new analytical insights into U.S. Cold War objectives in Latin America.

— Diplomatic History

Blood of the Earth provides a compelling retelling of a Cold War story against the grain, in which the United States funded and tamed a revolution instead of intervening with force.

— Hispanic American Historical Review

[Young's] detailed description of [the US government's public relations campaign aimed at taming resource nationalism in Bolivia] is certainly enlightening as it brings a hitherto unknown side of US interventions in Latin America to our attention.

— Latin American Research Review

Young's concept of 'resource nationalism' casts a new interpretive light on the Bolivian political scene of the 1950s and 1960s. It also provides continuity between the political ferment that followed the Bolivian Revolution of 1952 and the popular mobilization that led to the election of Evo Morales in December 2005.

— Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Blood of the Earth is an intelligent and informative book that will be of interest to students of Bolivian history and present times, and to those who wish to explore resource nationalism in the Bolivian context...the material makes an important contribution to the field of Bolivian studies and the writing style contributes to a pleasant reading.

— Bulletin of Latin American Research

A very important contribution for experts and non-experts alike. Young’s argument is a new, fresh way of looking at both Bolivian revolutionary thought and recent Bolivian history. No one else that I know of has focused on ‘resource nationalism,’ which Young argues persuasively is key to understanding Bolivia in the twentieth century and beyond.

— James Siekmeier, West Virginia University, author of The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1952 to the Present

'Resource nationalism’ is a very suggestive concept that can be applied to other countries in Latin America (and probably other parts of the world, such as Africa) very productively to understand domestic politics in relation to the great powers, such as the United States.

— Erick D. Langer, Georgetown University, author of Expecting Pears from an Elm Tree: Franciscan Missions on the Chiríguano Frontier in the Heart of South America

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction: Natural Resources, Economic Visions, and US Intervention in Twentieth-Century Bolivia
1. The Road to Resource Nationalism: Economic Ideas and Popular Coalitions in La Paz, 1927–1952
2. A New Type of Bolivian Economy: Competing Visions, 1952–1956
3. The Political Economy of Containment: Privatization, Austerity, and the MNR’s Shift to the Right, 1955–1964
4. The Battle for Men’s Minds: Economic Paradigms, Propaganda, and the Iconography of Revolution
5. The Limits of Containment: Anti-Austerity and Resource Nationalism in La Paz Factories
6. Oil and Nation: The Crusade to Save Bolivia’s Hydrocarbons
Epilogue: Resource Nationalism and Popular Struggle in the Twenty-First Century
Appendix: Professional Backgrounds of Key Middle-Class Participants in Economic Debates, 1940s–1960s
Notes
Bibliography
Index