TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface by Most Rev. Salvatore Cordileone Introduction CHAPTER I THE ONE REDEMPTIVE SACRIFICE 1. A Universe of Redemption a) The Hypothesis of a Universe of Nature b) The Revelation of a Universe of Redemption c) Catastrophe and Redemption: Their Constant Existential Overlapping d) The Unforeseen Arrival of Sin Enables the Advent of a Totally Better World e) The Grace of Christ before Christ 2. Why Salvation by Redemption? a) Man Is Not Only "Saved" but "Redeemed" b) Why Such Sufferings of Christ? c) The Contemplative and Redemption 3. The Hour of Jesus a) Jesus Announces It b) It Preoccupies Him c) It Sums Up His Temporal Life d) It Sums Up the History of the World e) It Opens Up onto the Resurrection and the Ascension f) It is in Time but Dominates Time, Be It by Anticipation or by Derivation 4. The Ascending Mediation and Descending Mediation of Christ the Priest 5. The Mediation of Christ on the Cross Is Simultaneously a Sacrifice and an Act of Love a) Sacrifice and an Act of Love b) Christ Is Consecrated Priest in the Line of Worship and Priest in the Line of Love 6. The Four Ends of Christ's Sacrifice 7. The Redemptive Sacrifice Is Offered Once for All, but in Order to Be Actualized Unceasingly 8. Christ, a Priest according to the Order of Melchizedek, His Priesthood and His Sacrifice Blot Out the Priesthood and Sacrifices of the Old Law 9. The One Redemptive Sacrifice Recapitulates in Itself Any Good Offerings Men Have Ever Made a) Retrospective Recapitulation b) Prospective Recapitulation 10. The Sacrifice of the Cross Does Not Take Place without the Participation of Humanity 11. The Participation of the Blessed Virgin and of St. John at the Sacrifice of the Cross CHAPTER II THE UNBLOODY OR SACRAMENTAL PRESENCE AT THE LAST SUPPER AND THE MASS FROM ONE REDEMPTIVE SACRIFICE: REVEALED DOCTRINE AND PROTESTANT INNOVATION 1. The Teaching of Sacred Scripture: The Event of the Bloody Sacrifice and the Institution of the Unbloody Sacrifice a) The Unicity and Non-Reiterability of the Redemptive Sacrifice b) The Necessity to Repeat the Unbloody Sacrifice of the Last Supper 2. Is the Necessity of Reproducing the Sacrifice of the Last Supper Compatible or Incompatible with the Perfection of the One Sacrifice of the Cross? a) Two Opposing Conceptions of the Relation between the Cross and the Mass b) The Mass Juxtaposed with the Cross c) The Mass Subordinated to the Cross 3. The Doctrine of the Council of Trent on the Essential Identity and Modal Difference of the Sacrifice of the Cross and of the Mass a) An Overall View b) The Texts c) Conclusion 4. The General Signification of the Lutheran Innovation a) Is the Mass Only a Promise Like Those of the Old Testament, but More Perfect? b) Is the Redemptive Sacrifice Met as Something Present by Way of Contact, or as Something Absent by Way of Redemption? c) Ignorance of Change in the Economy of Salvation Brought About by the New Law 5. The Church Confesses since Its Beginning the Mystery of the Unity of Sacrifice at the Cross, the Last Supper and the Mass a) Justin and Irenaeus b) Hippolytus of Rome and Cyprian of Carthage c) Cyril of Jerusalem d) Gregory of Nazianzen and John Chrysostom e) Ambrose CHAPTER III THE UNBLOODY SACRIFICE OF THE LAST SUPPER 1. Two Economies of the World, according to Which the Redemptive Sacrifice Is Either Awaited or Possessed 2. The Bloody Sacrifice of the Cross Is Begun When the Last Supper Is Instituted 3. The Last Supper Multiplies Not the Bloody Sacrifice, but Its Mode of Presence 4. The Last Supper Is a Sacrifice in the Real and Proper Sense 5. The Testimony of St. Cyprian: The Sacrifice of the Last Supper and the Passion Is Offered in the Church 6. At the Last Supper the Unbloody Sacrifice Is the Exclusive Effect of Christ; at Mass It Is the Principal Effect of Christ and the Ministerial Effect of the Priests 7. Transubstantiation Is an Unbloody Offering Made at the Supper by Christ Alone; At Mass by Christ and His Priests 8. The Last Supper Is Ordered toward the Mass 9. The Doctrine of the Council of Trent on the Last Supper 10. The Jewish Passover, the Christian Passover, the Heavenly Passover 11. The Christian Passover, a Messianic and Eschatological Mystery CHAPTER IV THE UNBLOODY SACRIFICE OF THE MASS 1. The Viewpoint of Faith and the Theological Question a) The Viewpoint of Faith b) The Theological Question 2. The Substantial Presence of Christ the Priest and Victim and the Operative Presence of His Sacrificial Act a) The Substantial Presence and the Operative Presence b) The Substantial Presence and the Operative Presence of God c) The Substantial Presence and the Operative Presence of Christ Insofar as He Is Man d) The Operative Presence of the One Sacrificial Redemptive Act on the Cross, at the Last Supper, at the Mass 3. Christ Is Present at the Mass in His Glorious State 4. The Eternal Priesthood of the Heavenly Christ a) The Scriptural References b) Three Ways in Which the Priesthood of Christ Is Eternal 5. The Glorious Christ Is Present at the Mass with His Redemptive Act 6. The Interposition of the Cross 7. Eternal Acts and Transitory Acts of Christ 8. How the Redeeming Sacrificial Act of the Cross Is at Once Both in Time and out of Time a) It Is in Time and out of Time b) The Redemptive Act Recapitulates the New Economy in Advance c) The Mass Is the Existential Entrance of a Generation into the Drama of the Passion, Where Its Place Was Marked Out in Advance d) Two Presences at the Sacrifice of the Mass: One Temporal, the Other by Spiritual Contact e) The Spiritual Presence Is Enveloped in the Unbloody Rite 9. The Unbloody Sacrifice Does Not Substitute, but Rather Subordinates Itself to the Bloody Sacrifice; It Does Not Multiply the Sacrifice, but Rather Its Presences 10. The Mass and the Sacraments a) Ascending Mediation and Supplication b) Descending Mediation and Benediction 11. The Necessity of a Permanent Presence of the Sacrifice of the Cross 12. The Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas a) Two Ways: For and Against the Continual Efficiency of the Redemptive Act b) The Passion of Christ Touches Us by a Spiritual Contact Despite the Distance of Time c) The Mass Allows Us to Enter into the Drama of Christ's Passion and Bloody Sacrifice d) The Mass Communicates to Us the One Sacrifice of Christ e) The Way Opened by St. Thomas and the Divergent Way 13. An Analysis of Cajetan's Teaching a) The Same Victim Is Offered under Different Modes, the One Bloody, the Other Unbloody, on the Cross and at the Mass b) The Unbloody Mode Is Not Juxtaposed but Rather Subordinate to the Bloody Mode; Whence the Unity of the Sacrifice on the Cross and of the Mass c) The Sacrifice Is Not Repeated, but Endures by the Repetition of the Unbloody Rite d) Conclusions 14. The Central Vision of Melchior Cano 15. A Text of Bossuet 16. The Mass Is a "Renewal" of the Unbloody Sacrifice of the Last Supper, and a "Perpetuation" of the Bloody Sacrifice of the Cross 17. On the Text of Marguerite de Veni d'Arbouze CHAPTER V THE OFFERING OF THE MASS Section One WHO OFFERS THE MASS? 1. The Mass: Christ's Sacrifice or the Church's Sacrifice? 2. The Church's Participation in the Bloody Sacrifice of the Cross 3. The Church's Participation in the Unbloody Sacrifice of the Last Supper 4. What the Mass Is 5. Who Offers the Mass in the Line of Worship? a) The Bloody Sacrifice and the Unbloody Sacrifice b) The Role of Christ in the Cultic Unbloody Offering c) The Role of the Church and that of the Priests in the Cultic Unbloody Offering d) The Role of the Church and the Faithful in the Cultic Unbloody Offering e) Can One Speak of a "Concelebration of the Faithful"? 6. Who Offers the Mass in the Line of Redemptive Love? a) The Cultic Union Is Ordered to the Sanctifying Union b) The Order of Supplication and the Order of Blessing c) The Last in Worship Are Able to Be the First in Love d) The Personal Role and Ministerial Role of the Priest in the Sanctifying Offering e) A Text from the Encyclical "Mediator Dei" 7. ". . . In Memory of Me" a) The Memory of the Cult and the Memory of Love b) The Encyclical "Mediator Dei" c) A Contemporary Text 8. The Church of Heaven a) The Angels b) The Saints Section Two WHAT IS OFFERED AT MASS 1. The Multiplicity and Unity of the Offering 2. All Ascends Toward or Descends from Christ's Offering a) The Offering of Bread and Wine b) The Offering of Christ c) The Offering of the Church d) A Text from Leibniz CHAPTER VI THE INFINITE POWER OF THE MASS 1. The Source Is Infinite; The Participation Is Finite 2. The Teaching of St. Thomas a) The Passion, the Universal Cause of Salvation, Must Nevertheless Be Applied through Faith and the Sacraments b) We Must Speak of the Mass in the Same Way as the Passion: It is Infinite, but Participated in a Finite Manner 3. The Efficacy of the Mass With Respect to Validity a) Christ Is Made Present at Each Mass Despite the Unworthiness of the Minister; Considered with Respect to the Minister the Mass is Efficacious "Ex Opere Operato" b) The Mass Is an Offering Which Is Pure and without Stain Whatever Be the Minister in Himself (1st Sense). A Text from the Council of Trent on the Prophecy of Malachi 4. The Efficacy of the Mass with Respect to Sanctity: 1) Ascending Mediation a) At Mass Christ Actualizes the Offering Which He Made of Us on the Cross b) Participation in the Offering of the Mass through the Faith and Charity of the Church Interceding for the Just and Sinners: The Efficacy Is Said to Be "Ex Opere Operantis Ecclesiae" c) This Participation Varies but Is Infallible d) The Mass Is a Pure Offering and Without Stain Insofar as It Is Offered by the Pure Church e) Participation at the Offering of the Mass Through Sacramental Communion; Considered with Respect to Those Who Communicate the Efficacy Is Said to Be "Ex Opere Operato" 5. The Efficacy of the Mass with Respect to Sanctity: 2) Descending Mediation 6. The Terminology of Cajetan: The Effect of the Mass Is Infinite with Respect to Sufficiency "Ex Opere Operato"; It Is Finite with Respect to the Application "Ex Opere Operantis" 7. Application and Fruits of the Mass 8. What Are the Fruits of the Mass? Or, For Whom Is the Mass Offered? a) The Mass Can Be Applied on Three Levels b) The Offering of the Church for One Universal Intention c) The Offering of the Priest insofar as He Is the Minister of the Church for a Special Intention d) The Offering of Each Priest or Faithful for One Particular Intention 9. A Text from the "Provinciales" on the Difference between the Mass and the Cross 10. Mass in Honor of the Saints 11. Mass Stipends 12. Abuses CHAPTER VII TRANSUBSTANTIATION 1. The Promise of the Eucharist a) The Account of St. John Is Centered on the Future Institution at the Last Supper b) The Miracles of the "Passover of the Bread of Life" Proclaim the Miracle of the Last Passover c) The Bread of Life Is the God of Love Who Becomes Incarnate, Sacrifices Himself and Invites Us to Participate in His Sacrifice by Faith and Consumption d) Jesus Moves His Disciples toward a Revelation the Explanation of Which Would Have Been Premature at that Time e) "The Flesh Profiteth Nothing . . ." 2. The Institution of the Eucharist a) The Gospel Texts b) The Text of St. Paul c) Texts from the Liturgical Tradition 3. The Prophesying of the Church 4. From Christ's Real or Corporal Presence to Transubstantiation a) The Knowledge of the Apostles Is More Perfect than the Initial Knowledge of the Church b) The Initial Motherly Intuition of the Church from Which All the Eucharistic Dogmas Begin c) How This Dogma Develops d) In What Sense Has This Dogma Always Been Believed? 5. The First Five Centuries of the Church a) Ignatius of Antioch, Justin, Irenaeus, Gregory of Nyssa b) Ambrose c) The Thought of St. Augustine 6. From the Patristic Period to the Lateran Council a) The Work of Theologians and the Role of the Magisterium b) Three Principle Points with Which the Theological Elaboration Was Concerned 7. Transubstantiation Defined by the Council of the Lateran and by the Council of Trent 8. The Technical Formulation of the Dogma a) The Dogma of Transubstantiation, Like the Christological and Trinitarian Dogmas, Produces from the Faith a Technical Formulation without However Enslaving It to Any One System b) The Reality Which It Defines Is Known Both on the Level of the Spontaneous Knowledge of the Believer and on the Level of the Elaborated Knowledge of the Theologian c) No Dogmatic Slavery to a Culture 9. The Technical Notion of Transubstantiation Can Be Rendered Accessible to the Common Sense to a Certain Degree a) Matter for the Philosopher and for the Physicist b) Substance and Substantial Transformations c) Transubstantiation 10. The Sacramental Presence, or by Mode of Substance a) It Follows upon Transubstantiation b) There Is a "Presence in Place" but This Is Totally Different from a "Local Presence" c) The Notion of Presence Is Analogical or Proportional d) It Is Defined by the Council of Trent 11. The Consequences of the Sacramental Presence, or by Mode of Substance a) The Body of Christ Is Not Multiplied b) It Is Not Divided c) It Ceases to Be Present the Moment the Species Are Altered d) Under the Species Christ Is as He Is in Himself e) The Presence in Virtue of the Words and the Presence of Concomitance 12. The Revealed Foundation of This Entire Doctrine 13. Protestantism, Which Broke with Transubstantiation, Separates the Subject from the Real Presence a) Luther b) Zwingli c) Calvin d) Calvin Fails to Reconcile Lutherans and Zwinglians e) The Equivocation: The Presence of the Sign Given as a Real Presence f) Christ Would Have Spoken Using Images 14. Can One Reject Transubstantiation and Still Preserve the Real Presence? 15. "God So Loved the World That He Gave His Only Son" a) In Image or In Truth? b) The Scandal of Christian Preaching c) The Revelation of the Eucharist Is but a Moment of the Christian Mystery 16. Two Testimonies a) Anne de Gonzague de Clèves b) The Mass Here Below CHAPTER VIII COMMUNION 1. Communion with Christ Creates Communion among His Members a) The Text of the Apostle, "One Bread, One Body" b) To Communicate Is to Be Associated in the Transubstantiating Movement Which Goes from the Bread and Wine to Christ 2. The Sacramental Sign and the Signified a) The Species Are Pure Sign; Christ Is the Reality and the Sign; The Mystical Body Is the Pure Reality b) Christ Sacramentalized Is the Common Good of the Entire Church c) He Is the Cause of the Church's Unity d) The Sacramental Realism Is Guarantee of the Ecclesial Realism, and Vice Versa. The Protestant Counterproof 3. The Three Ways of Communicating a) Spiritual and Sacramental Communion b) The Communion of Sinners Which Is Sacramental Only c) The Communion by Desire Which Is Spiritual Only d) These Three Ways of Communicating Are Distinguished by the Council of Trent e) St. Francis of Assisi and the Eucharist 4. Sensible Contact with the Species and Spiritual Contact with Christ a) The Fleeting Union through Consumption Is the Symbol and Cause "Ex Opere Operato" of the Lasting Union of Charity b) To Encounter Jesus Is to Encounter the Trinity 5. Incorporation into Christ by Baptism and the Eucharist a) Incorporation Begins at Baptism b) The Full Incorporation of the Eucharist c) The Eschatological Character of the Eucharist d) The Desire of Co-redemption in Marie of the Incarnation and St. Catherine of Siena e) St. John of the Cross and St. Benedict Joseph Labre 6. The Threefold Symbolism of the Eucharist Reveals to Us Its Effects a) The Bread and Wine Indicate the Body and Blood of Christ b) The Bread and Wine Indicate Nourishment and Comfort c) The Bread and Wine Indicate a Union of Many d) The Eucharist Gives Eternal Life and Erases Sin e) The Reasons for the Institution of the Eucharist According to the Council of Trent f) The Missal's Three Prayers Before Holy Communion g) "Postcommunion" 7. Communion under One or Two Species a) Communion under One Species Alone Is Justifiable Only in the Light of the Real Presence b) The Sacramental Symbolism Is Safeguarded in Communion under Only One Species c) Therefore the Question Belongs Not to Divine Law but to Ecclesiastical Law d) The Diverse Disciplines of the Church e) The Decisions of the Council of Constance and of the Council of Trent f) A Text of L. Duchesne 8. Holy Reserve 9. "Veils Which Cover God" 10. The Church Instinctively Closes around the Real Presence a) Two Inscriptions from the Second Century b) Two Medieval Saints: Thomas Aquinas and Nicholas De Flue c) Modern Times: Teresa of Avila and Charles De Foucauld d) Conclusion: The Cross and the Glory CHAPTER IX THE SETTINGS OF THE MASS 1. The Names of the Mass a) The First Names: Breaking of the Bread, Eucharist, Sacrifice b) Secondary Names: The Lord's, Liturgy, Synaxis, Mass c) The Sense of the Word "Mass" 2. The Settings of the Mass in the First Centuries a) The Initial Supper and the Setting of the Jewish Passover b) The First Eucharistic Gatherings: The New Testament, the Didache, St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Justin c) The Anaphora of Hippolytus 3. Liturgical Rites and Languages a) The Origin of Liturgical Rites b) The Plurality of Rites in the Unity of the Church c) The Latin Rite and the Byzantine Rite d) The Use of Sacred Languages in the Liturgy e) Latin and Modern Languages 4. The Current Roman Setting of the Mystery of the Mass a) The Catechetical Liturgy of the Fore-Mass b) The Sacrificial Liturgy of the Mass 5. The Transcendence of the Mystery and Liturgical Tensions a) Liturgical Dilemmas b) Liturgy and Dogma c) The Gentleness of the Unbloody Sacrifice 6. The Churches a) The Church, the House of the Christian People b) The Church, Even More so the House of Christ APPENDIX I TWO PAPAL DOCUMENTS A. The Teaching of the Encyclical "Mediator Dei" on the Nature and Offering of the Mass B. An Allocution of Pope Pius XII to the Participants of the International Congress of Pastoral Liturgy APPENDIX II THEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE MYSTERY I. Medieval Period 1. From Paschasius Radbertus to Peter Lombard 2. Peter Lombard 3. Albert the Great 4. Conclusion II. Post-Tridentine Theology: Principle Types of Solutions 1st Type: Theories Which Seek in the Mass a Sacrificial Destruction Distinct from that of the Cross: Bellarmine, Salamanticenses, De Lugo, Lessius 2nd Type: The Mass Is a Sacrifice Numerically and Specifically Distinct from the Sacrifice of the Cross: Suarez 3rd Type: The Mass as the Sacrifice of the Church Appropriating Itself to Christ in Heaven: De la Taille, Lepin 4th Type: The Invisible Offering of the Glorious Christ in the Sacrament, Joined to an Exterior Sign of Immolation, Is Sufficient to Constitute a Real and Proper Sacrifice: Billot, Garrigou-Lagrange 5th Type: The Mass Is a Presence of the Sacrifice of the Cross by Way of Representation and Application: Vonier, Lépicier, E. Masure, G. Rohner About the Author Index of Proper Names
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