Introduction
1. Utterances, Sentences, Clauses, and Phrases
The Most Important Parts of Speech
Sounds: Phones, Phonemes, and Allophones
Forms: Morphemes and Allomorphs
/z/—A Highly Productive English Morpheme
/d/—Another Highly Productive English Morpheme
Problems with /d/
Note
2. Verbs, Tenses, Forms, and Functions
Conjugating a Verb
The Nine Morphological Patterns of Irregular Verbs
Verb Tenses and Auxiliary Verbs: The Nonmodal Auxiliaries (Do, Be, Have) and the Modal Auxiliaries
The Compound Tenses: Future and Conditional
Verb Tenses' Meanings and Uses
Notes
3. Basic Structures, Questions, Do-Insertion, Negation, Auxiliaries, Responses, Emphasis, Contraction
The Five Basic Structures
Two Different Types of Questions
The Role of the First Auxiliary (aux)
Nonmodal Auxiliaries Be/Do/Have Can also Be Used as Lexical Verbs
Wh-Words as Subjects vs. Wh-Words as Objects
Selection Questions
Declarative Questions
Echo Questions
Tag Questions
Invariant Tags
Elliptical Responses
Emphasis and Emphatic Structures
Contractions: A Summing Up
Note
4. Modals, Prepositional and Particle Verbs, Transitivity and Voice, and Conditionality
Modals and Perimodals
Two-Word Verbs: Prepositional Verbs vs. Particle Verbs
Transitivity: Active Voice, Passive Voice
Intransitive Verbs and "Voice"
Real-World Use of the English Passive: Pragmatic Constraints and Agent-Phrase Addition GET Passives
Conditionality
5. Some Components of the Noun Phrase: Forms and Functions
Person and Number
Gender
Case
Expressing Possession: Genitives and Partitives
Partitive-Genitive Constructions
Determiners, Common/Proper Nouns, and Mass/Count Nouns
Mass Nouns and Count Nouns
Mass-to-Count Shifts
Dual-Function Nouns: Nouns That Are Both Mass and Count
Pronouns
Pro-Words: Pronoun-Like Words for Clauses, Phrases, Adjectives, and Adverbs
Note
6. Adjectives and Relative Clauses
Attributive and Predicate Adjectives: Identification and Syntax
The Syntax of Prenominal Attributive Adjectives
Adjectives and Adverbs: The Comparative and Superlative Forms
Relative Clauses, Relative Pronouns, and Their Antecedents
When to Use Who and When to Use Whom
Deleting Relative Pronouns: Creating Gaps and the Process of Gapping
The Twenty Types of Relative Clauses
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive (Relative) Clauses
Relative Pronoun Clauses with Present Participles/Gerunds and with Past Participles
Notes
7. Adverbs, It and There Referentials and Non-Referentials, and Fronting
Adverbs
It as a Referential, It as a Nonreferential
Adverb Referential There, Existence-Marking Nonreferential There
Emphasis by Peak Stressing, Solo Fronting, or Cleft Fronting
Note
8. Compound Sentences: Coordination, Subordination
Compound Sentences
Coordinate Sentences
Subordinate Sentences
Tenseless Complements
The That-Clause
The Infinitive Complement
Infinitive Complement with Equi-Deletion
Infinitive Complement with Raising to Object
Gerund Complement
Purpose Complements
Miscellaneous Complementation Patterns
Summary of All Clausal Complementation Patterns
Appendix
Glossary of Terms
Index