CONTENTS
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
GRANITES AND GRANITIC ROCKS AS PETROLOGICAL ENTITIES
A SUMMARY VIEW INTO THE ROCK
GRANITIC ROCKS IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS
THE SPECIFIC CASE OF GNEISSES
TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES FROM DEEP-SEATED ORIGINS TO GROUND SURFACE
Notes
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE WEATHERING OF GRANITE
Note
WEATHERING IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS: THE ROLE OF WATER AND OXYGEN
RELATIVE WEATHERING STABILITY SEQUENCES
WEATHERING STATE, WEATHERABILITY, AND THEIR CONTEXT
THE PIONEERING USE OF GEOCHEMICAL INDICES
Notes
GRANITE OUTCROPS
GRANITE QUARRIES
SAMPLING IN QUARRIES FOR RESEARCH STUDIES
VARIATIONS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Porosity and Other Physical Properties in Granites
Texture and Other Visual Characteristics
Note
THE STARTING CONDITION
INTRODUCTION TO DETERIORATION PATTERNS
External Appearance
Black crusts
Thin black deposits
Surface Loss
Granular disintegration and scaling
Plaques, plaquettes, and contour scaling
ON THE FORMATION OF PLAQUES
Salt-Induced Deterioration Patterns
MECHANICS OF CRYSTALLIZATION
Fracturing and Open Joints
Biocolonization
CONSTRUCTION AND EXPOSURE FACTORS
Notes
DOCUMENTATION AS AN ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT
VISUAL INSPECTION AS AN INTEGRATING METHOD OF ANALYSIS
TERMS TO AVOID WHEN MAPPING DETERIORATION PATTERNS
Mapping Zones as a Support for Sampling and On-Site Characterization
Mapping Areas Having Roughly Homogeneous Conservation Needs
GRANULAR DISINTEGRATION
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZATION
Composition
Porosity
Quality and crack network
Mechanical strength and deformability
Water kinetics: Liquid water absorption
Water kinetics: Water vapor
Color Analysis
Chemical Methods, XRD, and SEM
Interrelations of Physical Properties of Granites
Establishing What Information Is Required
Sampling Strategies
Samples in Context
Notes
CLEANING GRANITE SURFACES: RATIONALES AND RISKS
ESTABLISHING A RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CLEANING
Note
REMOVING BLACK DEPOSITS FROM GRANITE
Dealing with Black Crusts
DECIDING ON THE DEGREE OF CLEANING
CONTROL OF CLEANING OPERATIONS
RESOILING AND OTHER LONG-TERM EFFECTS
DEALING WITH BIOCOLONIZATION
Note
EARLY TREATMENT EFFORTS
CONSERVATION TREATMENTS: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
CONSOLIDATION PRODUCTS
STONE CONSOLIDANTS
Ethyl Silicates
Epoxy Resins
THE CHEMISTRY OF SILICON
CONSOLIDATION OF DETERIORATED GRANITES
Consolidation Effectiveness
Compatibility and Long-Term Behavior of Treated Granite
Dealing with Cohesion Problems and Active Mass Loss in Practice
Notes
Treatment of granular disintegration
Consolidation of Salt-Laden Granite Substrates
Principles and Assessment
Application of Water Repellents
MANAGING THE EXTERNAL ENVELOPE IN PRACTICE
Joints
Mortars
ANTIGRAFFITI BARRIERS
Notes
THE VALUE OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
East Facade of Santo António Hospital, Porto
Regent House, Trinity College, Dublin—An Interesting Diagnostic Exercise
Porto Cathedral, Portugal
Segovia Aqueduct, Spain
Vereri Column, Murano, Italy
The stone and its condition
Stone treatment
Other complementary actions
Main Portal of Porto Cathedral
The stone and its condition
Stone treatment
Notes
PARTIES IN CONSERVATION INTERVENTION
Problem Identification
Complementary Data Acquisition
Soiling problems
Translating Information into Practice
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STONE CONSERVATION
Values Assessment
Reversibility
Professional Attitudes and Principles
THE PATH FORWARD
Note
Note
Glossary
References
Illustration Credits
About the Author
Index