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About Island Press
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Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: A Framework for Environmental Land Use Planning and Management
Chapter 1: Environmental Management for Sustainability
What Is Environmental Management for Sustainability?
Participants and Roles in Sustainable Environmental Management
The Market
Civil Society
Environmental Management: A Reflection of Social Cutlture, Values, and Ethics
The Evolution of Environmentalism
Worldviews of Sustainability
From Movement to Management
Toward Sustainability
Summary and Next Steps
Historical Perspectives on Urban and Environmental Planning
Four Classic Approaches to Environmental Planning
Environmental Design
Environmental Economics
Environmental Evaluation
Environmental Politics
Participation, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution
Environmental Law
The Planner as Technician, as Information Source
The Planner as Negotiator Amound Interests, Mediator of Conflicts
The Planner as Designer, as Visionary
Environmental Planning in the Twenty-First Century
Summary
Planning Challenges and Responses Around the World
Bridging the Green (Natural) and Brown (Built) Environmental Agendas
Strategic Spatial Planning to Manage Land Use and Infrastructure
Creating Green, Healthy, Safe, Just, Livable, and Sustainable Communities
The Government Response to Sprawl: Smart Growth Management
The Design Response to Sprawl: Compact, Mixed-Use, and Ecological Development
The Metropolitan Response to Sprawl: The Regional City
Mangaing and Greening Shrinking Cities
Managing Small Towns and Rural Landscapes
Land Use and Environmental Protection
Land Use and Natural Hazards
Land Use and Human Envionmental Health
Land Use Impacts on Hydrologic Systems
Land Use Impacts on Energy and Material Consumption
A Framework for Comprehensive and Strategic Land Use Planning
Regional or Areawide Plan
Community-wide Land Use Plan
District and Small-Area Plans
Summary, Conclusions, and Emerging Practices
Chapter 4: Collaborative Environmental Planning and Learning for Sustainability
Strong Democracy, Shared and Social Capital, Informality, and Power
The Evolution of Collaborative Planning: From Nonparticipation to Collaborative Learning
Learning Networks
Participatory Appraisal
Open Source Planning and
Crowdsourcing
Collaborative Community Design
Adaptive Collaborative Management
Community-Based Sustainability Programs
Citizen Environmental and Sustainability Monitoring
Collaborative Environmental Planning Types and Objectives
Stakeholder Involvement
Opportunities and Barries in Collaborative Environmental Planning
Considerations in Desgining a Participation/Collaboration Process
Who Should Be Involved?
How Should Participation Be Evaluated?
Tools for Participation and Collaboration
Summary
Part II: Environmental Planning: Technical Principles and Analysis
Chapter 5: Evironmental Data and Geospatial Analysis
A Tiered Process
Considerations and Pitfalls in Using Data and Information
Information Sources and Field Data
Maps
Topographic Maps
Planimetric/Thematic Maps: Land Use/Land Cover Maps
Remote Sensing Information: Aerial Photos and Satellite Imagery
Remote Sensing Fundamentals
Aerial Photos
Satellite Imagery and Data
Land Use/Land Cover Revisited: The National Land Cover Database
Geographic Information Systems
Data Layers and Formats
Operations and Analysis in GIS
Examples of GIS Products
Web Map Serving
GIS Data Access
Public Participation GIS
GIS Mashups: Integrating and Networking Geospatial Imagery
The Power and Pitfalls of GIS
The Promise and Prospects of Geospatial Data and Technology
Summary
Land Use Properties and Soil Quality
Soil Stability: Strength and Movement
Drainability
Erodibility
Capacity to Support Vegetation
Soil Quality and Soil Degradation
Soil Surveys and Interpretive Soils Mapping
The Web Soil Survey and Interpretive Soil Suitability Mapping
Geospatial Soil Survey Data
Land Application of Wastes
Sewage Sludge Biosilds
Onsite Wastewater Systems
Siting and System Design
Decentralized Wastewater Systems and Land Use
Managing Decentralized Systems
Soil Erosion Assessment Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
RUSLE2 Computer Software
The Erodibility Index and Highly Erodible Soil
Urban Erosion and Sediment Control
Urban Soil
Agricultural Land Conversion
Establishing the LESA System in a Country
Applying LESA to Specific Sites
A Critique of LESA
Urban Agriculture and Food Systems Planning
Farmers Markets
Community Composting Programs
Summary
Chapter 7: Water and Land Use: Stream Flow, Flooding, and Runoff Pollution
The Water Balance
Overland Drainage: Runoff and Watersheds
Channel Processes and Geomorphology
Land Use, Stream Flow, and Predicting Peak Discharge
Predicting Peak Discharge
The Rational Method
The Win TR-55 Method: Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds
The Watershed Simulation Models
Peak Discharge, Flooding, and Flood Hazard Maps
Water Quality Fundamentals
Water Pollutants
Water Bodies and Beneficial Uses
Water Quality Criteria and Standards
Impaired Waters in the United States
Stream Flow and Water Quality Data
Land Use Practices and Nonpoint Sources (NPS) Pollution
Effects of Land Use on Stream Health and Integrity
Stream Integrity and Impervious Surfaces
Stream Assessment
The Watershed Survey
Stream Walk and Visual Assessment
Assessing Channel Capacity and Excessive Channel Erosion
Summary
Testing Channel Capacity
Example of the Procedure for Testing Channel Capacity
Example Solution
A Streamside Biosurvey
Chapter 8: Stormwater Management and Watershed Restoration
Integrating Stormwater Quality Control and Flood Damage Mitigation
Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and MS4 Stormwater Permits
Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources in TMDL and Watershed Implementation Plans
Incorporating Onsite Stormwater Controls in Sustainable Community Design
Institutionalizing Stormwater Management
State
Stormwater Control Standards and Design Manuals
Local Stormwater Programs, Ordinances, Utilities, Fees
Stormwater Control Measures
Low-Impact Development and Light-Imprint Design
Integrating SCMs Across the Watershed
Neighborhood Desin
Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Storage
Green Roofs, Ecoroofs, and Roof Gardens
Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Infiltration
Infiltration Basins, Planters, and Trenches
Pervious Pavements
Swales
Curb Cuts and Curb Extension Bioretention Swales
Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Filtration and Treatment
Concentrated Flow SCMs
The Effectiveness of Stormwater Control Measures
Selecting and Sizing Stormwater Controls
Stream and Watershed Restoration
Stream and Corridor Restoration
Watershed Restoration and Management Plans
Summary
Groundwater Hydrology Fundamentals
Aquifers and Recharge
Piezometric (Potentimetric) Surface and the Cone of Depression
Groundwater Flow and Relationship to Surface Water
Impervious Surface and Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater Contamination
Assessing Groundwater
DRASTIC: Mapping Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility
Groundwater Modeling
Source Water Assessments under SDWA
Sole Source Aquifer Designation
Inventorying and Assessing Threats and Potential Sources of Contamination
Developing and Implementing Groundwater Protections Measures
Summary
Fundamentals of Landscape and Urban Ecology
Landscape Ecology
Urban Ecology
Classifying, Inventorying, and Mapping Vegetation
Vegetative Buffers
Urban Forestry
Urban and Regional Forest Canopy Analysis
Developing a Community Forest Management Strategy
Inventorying and Evaluating the Urban Forest
Planning Analysis for Increasing Forest Cover in Urban Areas
Conserving and Planting Trees at Development Sites
Tree Planting to Increase the Urban Forest Cover
Policies to Increase Cover in Urban Watersheds
The Role of Urban Forestry
Wetlands Protection and Management
The National Wetlands Inventory
Wetland Conversion and Alteration
Wetland Protection, Mitigation, Restoration, and Creation
Federal Wetlands Regulation
Wetland Mitgation Banking
State Wetland Programs
Local Wetland Programs
Costal Zone Ecology and Management
Costal Zone Management Elements and Measures
State CZM Programs: The California Coastal Commision
Estuarine and Wetland Protection
Summary
Chapter 11: Wildlife Habitats and Urban Biodiversity
Wildlife Habitat Fundamentals
Functional Connectivity and Habitat Restoration
Habitat Inventories and Evaluation
Focal (Multi-) Species
Diversity Indices
State Wildlife Action Planning
The California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project
Urban Biodiversity and Wildlife Management
Common Failings in Designing Connectivity Corridors
Local and Regional Planning for Wildlife Conectivity: Local Linkage Design
Managing Urban Biodiversity
Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Biodiversity
Green Infrastructure: Integrating Wildlife Habitat and Open Space Planning
Neighborhood and backyard Wildlife Habitat Protection
Conservation Tools of the ESA and Habitat Conservation Planning
The HCP Process
First-Generation HCPs
The "No-Surprises" Policy and Second-Generation HCPs
Natural Community Conservation Planning in California: Regional Conservation for Multiple Species
San Diego County Multiple Species Conservation Program
Summary
Energy, Urban Air Pollution, and Climate Change
Our Energy Dilemma
Our Urban Air Quality Challenge
Our Climate Chang Imperative
Emissions Trends: Way Up, Not Down
Per Capita Emissions: The Best Indicator of Progress
It's All About Energy (Mostly)
The 450 Scenario
Climate Protection: Mitigating Climate Change from Global to Local
U.S. National Climate Action Policies
Local Climate Action Plans and Policies
1. Low-Carbon Community Technologies and Designs
2. Low-Carbon Community Choice and Behavior
Learning from Climate Action Plans and Their Implementations
Protecting the Climate
Climate Adaptation Planning
State Adaptation Plans
Local Adaptation Plans
Summary
Chapter 13: Natural Hazard Mitigation for Community Resilience
Natural Hazard Mitigation
Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Risk
The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act
Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning
Implementing NHMP
FEMA Mapping Software: HAZUS
Flooding and Flood Hazard Mitigation
Approaches to Flood Hazard Mitigation
Floodplain Management
FEMA Floodplain mapping Service
No Adverse Impact
Coastal Zone Hazards
Coastal Storm and Erosion Hazards
Mitigating Coastal Hazards Through Smart Land Development Practices
Coastal Hazard Zones
Geologic Hazards
Slope Stability
Inventorying and Mapping Landslide Hazards
Seismic Hazards
Earthquake Hazards
Seismic Hazard Mitigation
Wildfire Hazards
Summary
Chapter 14: Integration Methods and Synthesis Metrics
The Environmental Inventory
The Blacksburg Environmental Inventory (1981)
Land Capability and Suitability Analysis
Methods of Comination
The Portland Natural Resources Inventory and Land Suitability Modeling (2009)
Human Carrying Capacity Studies
From Population Levels to the Attribute-Indicator-Threshold Approach
Environmental Thresholds in the Lake Tahoe Basin
Limits of Acceptable Change
The Ecological Footprint
Environmental Impact Assessment in Land Use and Development
"With-Without" Analysis: Impact Variables, Indicators, and Thresholds
The EIA Process
Using EIA in Land Development
Build-Out Analysis
Build-Out Analysis in Massachusett's Community Development and Preservation Planning
Green Infrastructure to Integrate Environmental Land Objectives
Green Infrastructure Planning in Virginia
Indicators, Indices, Weights, Thresholds
LEED Green Building and Neighborhood Indices
LEED Neighborhood Development Criteria
Sustainable Community Rating Systems
The STAR Community Index
Summary
Part III: Planning, Design, and Policy Tools for Environmental Land Management
Chapter 15: Land Conservation for Sustainability
Dimensions of Land Conservation: Th
e Conservation Machine!
Public Lands
Federal Influence on Private Land Conservation
State and Local Land Conservation
State Farmland Protection
Green Infrastructure Programs
The Growing Role of State and Local Land Trusts
National/International Land Trusts
Acquiting Land and Development Rights
Conservation Easements
Purchase of Development Rights
Collabortative Conservation and Development
Tools to Conserve the Working Landscape
Design and Planning Tools for Open Space, Greenways, and Green Infrastructure
Open Space and Greenway Planning and Design
Green Infrastructure for Open Space, Greenways, Working Landscapes, and Habitiat
Private land Stewardship
Smart Conservation and Growth Management
Summary
Chapter 16: Design with Nature for People: Sustainable, Livable, and Smart Growth Communities
Urban Sprawl and Its Impacts
The Consumer: Do Consumers Want this Pattern of Development?
The Developer: What Does the Real Eastate Market Tell Us?
Natural Systems as the Foundation for Community Design (1900-1970)
The Sustainable Neighborhood Subdivision: Village Homes (1970s)
The Ahwahnee Principles (1991) and Charter for the New Urbanism (1993)
Smart Mobility to Reduce Automobile Dependency: Pedestrian- and Transit_Oriented Development
The Urban Transect and the Density Gradient
Traditional Neighborhood Design: Walkable Places, Complete Streets, Mixed Use, Mixed Income
Green Neighborhoods, Green Buildings
Portland EcoDistricts
Green Redevelopment: Restoring Brownfields, Regenerating Shrinking Cities, and Retrofitting Suburbs
Restoring Brownfields
Retrofitting Suburbs
The Working Landscape, Rural Clusters, and Conservation Subdivision Design
The Regional Context
The Process for Sustainable Community Design
Synthesis and Summary
Chapter 17: Community Smart Growth Management
Planning Tools for Smart Growth Management
Community Planning and the Comprehensive/General Plan
Regularoty Tools for Growth Management
Property Rights and Legal Constraints on Environmental Lans Use Regulation
Conventional Land Use Regulations
Vationations of Conventional Zoning and Innovations to Protect the Environment
Sustainability Codes
Form-Based Codes
The SmartCode
Provision of Urban Services and Infrastructure
Development Impact Fees
Integrating Tools for Smart Growth Management, Sustainable Communities, and Environmental Protection
Summary
Chapter 18: Regional, State, and Federal Management of Growth and the Environment
Regional Programs for Smart Growth Management and Environmental Land Protection
San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission
Twin Cities Metropolitan Council
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Portland Metro Council
State Growth Management Programs: Toward Smart Growth
Statewide Land Use Programs (Type 1)
Oregon's land Conservation and Development Act (Type 1A)
Maryland's Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation Initiative (Type 1B)
Florida's Growth Management Program
State Environmental Impact Requirements (Type C): Washington and California
State Critical Area Protection Programs (Type 2)
Federal Programs Affecting Private Land Use
Policies Guiding the Activities of Federal Agencies
Public Land Management
Summary
Chapter 19: Integrative Management of Ecosystems and Watersheds
Principles of Ecosystem Management
Ecosytem Management Experience
Ecosystem Management of Public Lands
Ecosystem Management on Private Lands
Ecological Restoration
Watershed Protection: Principles and Process
The EPA's Watershed Protection Approach
The CWP's Concepts of Watershed Planning
The CWP's Smart Watershed Management
Integrating Compatible Programs and Solutions
Institutional Arrangements for Ecosystem and Watershed Management
The Watershed Group/Association
Integrating Statewide and Local Watershed Programs
Integrative Management Lessons for Sustainable Communities
References
Index
IP Board of Directors