Cover
Figure 1 Jan van der Noordaa (1934-2015)
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Preface
Figure 2 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Virus diseases in the Netherlands before the discovery of viruses
Figure 3 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Smallpox, public health measures and immunization
Figure 4 Jan Ingen Housz (1730-1799)
Measles, lack of prevention?
Rabies, treatment and public health measures
Poliomyelitis, the summer disease
Influenza, not just a common cold
Human and animal medicine in the nineteenth century
Progress from confluence: The meeting of public health and laboratory science
The development and reception of the virus concept in the Netherlands
Figure 5 M.W. Beijerinck (1859-1931)
The discovery of a remarkable anomaly
Bacteriophages and the re-definition of viruses
Advances in virus research and the rediscovery of Beijerinck’s virus concept
The relevance of Beijerinck in the Dutch medical context
Viruses after the 1930s: New insights in light of technical developments
Figure 7 L.W. Janssen’s (1901-1975) hypothetical scheme to interpret biochemical findings: virus infection of a host cell
The Dutch work on viruses, 1900-1950
In the immediate wake of the first discoveries…
The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918: Its impact in the Netherlands
Dutch progress on rabies, smallpox, polio, and measles, 1900-1950
The early Dutch centres of activity on virus diseases
Figure 8 Plaque at entrance of Institute for Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam
Figure 9 The staff members of the Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam
The State Veterinary Research Institute
Leiden
Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Leiden University
Figure 10 P.C. Flu (1884-1945)
Figure 11 Institute for Tropical Medicine and Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene and Parasitology, Leiden
Laboratory for Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology of the Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medicine
Figure 12 Entrance of Institute for Preventive Medicine, Leiden
National Laboratory of the National Institute of Public Health in Utrecht
Figure 13 R. Gispen (1910-2000) and Jacoba G. Kapsenberg
Laboratory for Hygiene, State University of Groningen
International developments in techniques
The rise of medical virology and its organization
Figure 14 John F. Enders (1897-1985)
First wave developments in Dutch clinical virology
Figure 15 F. Dekking (1913-2004)
The second wave: Immunological and visualization techniques for rapid detection
Second wave developments in Dutch clinical virology
The third wave: The molecular revolution
Third wave developments in Dutch clinical virology
Public health laboratories and medical virology
The Netherlands Society for Microbiology
The Dutch Working Group for Clinical Virology
Working group meetings
Epidemiological reports
Standardization and external quality control
European Group for Rapid Viral Diagnosis
European Society for Virology
Waves of development and organization of clinical and fundamental virology
Laboratories and institutes
The impact of the AIDS pandemic on Dutch virology
University of Amsterdam and the Academic Medical Center (AMC)
Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service of Amsterdam
Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (CLB) and Red Cross Blood Bank of Amsterdam
VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc)
Amsterdam Cohort Studies (ACS)
Figure 16 Collaborators of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS (1998)
Leiden University Medical Centre
Laboratory of Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology and Central Clinical Virology Laboratory
Department of Clinical Respiratory Virology
Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene
National Institute of Public Health and Environment Bilthoven
University of Utrecht, Veterinary Faculty
UMC Groningen and Virology Unit of the Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service
Radboud University Nijmegen
St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg
Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service of Rotterdam
Erasmus MC
Figure 17 Collaborators of the Erasmus MC Department of Virology (2019)
a: A.D.M.E. Osterhaus; b: R.A.M. Fouchier; c: G.F. Rimmelzwaan
General hospitals
Commercial companies
Organon Teknika
Delft Diagnostic Laboratory (DDL)
Viroclinics Biosciences BV
Their introduction in the Netherlands and the main contributions of the Dutch
Four types of filters
Tissue culture – early days
Tissue culture and cell monolayers
Figure 18 Equipment for purification of a poliovirus by means of gel filtration
Electron microscopy
Figure 19 Presentation of the EM 100 at Philips in 1949
Reception of the electron microscope in the virology field in the Netherlands
Immunofluorescence
Enzyme-immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Agar gel electrophoresis
Figure 20 A. Schuurs and B. van Weemen on the occasion of the presentation of the Saal van Zwanenberg Prize in Nijmegen, 22 April 1980
Pepscan and combinatorial chemistry
Nucleic acid purification
Excerpta Medica
Conclusion: Offstage in the spotlight
From colonial to international virology
Indonesia and the former Dutch East Indies
Smallpox
Figure 21 Sophronisba: of, de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters (Sophronisba; or, The happy mother who had her daughters inoculated), 1779
Figure 22 Institute Pasteur and s’Lands Koepok Inrichting, Bandung
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, former West Indies
Smallpox
Yellow fever
Other arboviruses
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia and West Africa
Kenya
Figure 23 Nairobi Medical Research Centre
Figure 24 D. Metselaar (1914-2006) in northern Kenya
Ethiopia
Accessibility of essential medicines
8. From cancer mice in the roaring 1920s to oncogenes and signalling molecules in the booming 1990s
Netherlands Cancer Institute
Figure 25 R. Korteweg (1884-1961)
Figure 26 A working map of the mouse int-1 locus as drawn by Roel Nusse used from 1982 to 1984
Laboratory for Hygiene, later the Department of Medical Microbiology and the Department of Virology, University of Amsterdam
Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Leiden University
Laboratory of Immuno-haematology, Leiden University
Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Utrecht University
Laboratory for Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University
Erasmus MC
Delft Diagnostic Laboratory
Working Group on Persistent Virus Infections and Oncogenesis
Conclusion
Introduction
Smallpox vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Poliomyelitis vaccine
Rubella, mumps, measles combination vaccine
Special Department Immunobiology
Influenza immunization in specific risk groups
Hepatitis B vaccine
Figure 27 Inoculation of fertilized eggs for the cultivation of influenza virus
Occupationally acquired infections in vaccine-production laboratories
Figure 28 A cell culture forming a monolayer four days after inoculation
Ultimate sale of public health sector vaccine production
Success of the RVP
10. Conclusions
Figure 29 Roel Nusse and Harold Varmus as enthusiastic cyclists
List of institutes and laboratories
References
Index of subjects