This book analyzes how collective memory regarding the 1989 Beijing student movement and the Tiananmen crackdown was produced, contested, sustained, and transformed in Hong Kong between 1989 and 2019. Drawing on data gathered through multiple sources such as news reports, digital media content, vigil onsite surveys, population surveys, and in-depth interviews with activists, rally participants, and other stakeholders, it identifies six key processes in the dynamics of social remembering: memory formation, memory mobilization, memory institutionalization, intergenerational transfer, memory repair, and memory balkanization. Memories of Tiananmen demonstrates how a socially dominant collective memory, even one the state finds politically irritable, can be generated and maintained through constant negotiation and efforts by a wide range of actors. While the book mainly focuses on the interplay between political changes and Tiananmen commemoration in the historical period within which the society enjoyed a significant degree of civil liberties, it also discusses how the trajectory of the collective memory may take a drastic turn as Hong Kong's autonomy is abridged. The book promises to be a key reference for anyone interested in collective memory studies, social movement research, political communication, and China and Hong Kong studies.

Francis L.F. Lee is Director and Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His most recent publications include Media and Protest Logics in the Digital Era: The Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong (Oxford University Press, 2018).

Joseph Man Chan is Professor Emeritus at the School of Journalism and Communication of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is an elected Fellow of the International Communication Association.

Acknowledgments
List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Memory Formation and the Valorization of Commemoration
Chapter 3 Memory Mobilization
Chapter 4 Intergenerational Memory Transmission
Chapter 5 The Struggle for Memory Institutionalization
Chapter 6 The Challenge of Localism and Memory Repair
Chapter 7 Changing Attitudes toward Tiananmen?
Chapter 8 Digital Media and Memory Balkanization
Chapter 9 Conclusion
Epilogue
Appendix A
References
Index