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Art in Spain and Portugal from the Romans to the Early Middle Ages: Routes and Myths
by Rose Walker
photographs by John Batten
photographs by John Batten
Amsterdam University Press, 2016
Cloth: 978-90-8964-860-0 | eISBN: 978-90-485-2715-1
Library of Congress Classification N7103.W35 2016
Dewey Decimal Classification 938
Cloth: 978-90-8964-860-0 | eISBN: 978-90-485-2715-1
Library of Congress Classification N7103.W35 2016
Dewey Decimal Classification 938
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
In this colorfully illustrated book, Rose Walker surveys Spanish and Portuguese art and architecture from the time of the Roman conquest to the early twelfth century. For generations, scholarly discussions of such art have been complicated by a focus on maps of the pilgrimage roads and images of the Reconquista. Walker contextualizes these aspects by bringing together an exceptionally diverse range of academic studies, including work previously familiar only to Hispanophone audiences. By breaking down chronological, regional, and disciplinary divides that have limited scholarship on the subject for decades, this book enriches the wider English-language literature on early medieval art.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Rose Walker is an art historian and former instructor at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements
Conventions
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Via Herculea: Iberians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans
Figure 1 Mendigorria, opus signinum pavement (Museo de Navarra, Pamplona)
Figure 2 Empúries, Sacrifice of Iphigenia, emblema mosaic (Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya, Empúries)
Figure 3 Mérida, aqueduct in opus mixtum
Figure 4 Mérida, sculpture from the Forum, clipeus (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida)
Figure 5 Mérida, sculpture from the Forum, marble panel (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida)
The Golden Triangle: Astorga, Braga, and Lugo
Figure 6 The Roman gold mines of Las Médulas (El Bierzo)
Figure 7 Astorga, fragment of a wall painting (Museo de León)
Figure 8 Braga, Fonte de Ídolo
Figure 9 Conimbriga, portrait head of Emperor Claudius/Augustus (Museu Monográfico de Conimbriga)
Figure 10 Tiermes, aqueduct
Art along the Roads in the Second and Third Centuries AD
Figure 12 Medinaceli, triple arch
Figure 13 Itálica, House of Neptune, mosaic
Figure 14 Mérida, House of the Mithraeum, cosmological mosaic
Figure 15 León, funerary stele (Museo de León)
Figure 16 Gerona, Sant Feliu, Hades and Persephone sarcophagus
Figure 17 Husillos, Orestes sarcophagus (Museo Arqueológico Nacional)
Figure 18 Fabara, temple tomb
Figure 19 Covarrubias, Good Shepherd sarcophagus from San Pedro de Arlanza (Colegiata de San Cosme y San Damián)
Figure 21 Córdoba (Alcázar), 'Door of Hades' sarcophagus
Figure 22 Tarragona, Roman amphitheatre
Theodosius I − a Spanish emperor?
Urban Repair and Renewal
Figure 23 Gerona, circus mosaic from the villa of Can Paul Pirol (Museu d'Història de la Ciutat, Girona)
Christianity becomes Visible
Figure 24 Gerona (Sant Feliu), Susanna and the Elders sarcophagus
Figure 25 Zaragoza (Santa Engracia), sarcophagus with Atlantes
Villa Estates
Figure 26 Villa of Rabaçal, decorative panel
Villa Mosaics
Figure 27 Pedrosa de la Vega, villa of La Olmeda, mosaic with Achilles on Skyros
Figure 28 Mérida, villa of "El Hinojal", mosaic of the hunt (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano)
Figure 29 Villa of Cardeñajimeno, mosaic of Atalanta (Museo de Burgos)
Figure 30 Arróniz, mosaic of the Muses (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
Christian Mausolea?
Figure 31 Pueblanueva (Toledo) mausoleum
Figure 32 Centcelles (Tarragona), villa, detail of dome mosaic
Funerary Mosaics
Figure 33 Tarragona, funerary mosaic (Museu i Necròpolis Palaecristians, Tarragona)
The Fifth Century
Figure 34 Santisteban del Puerto, mosaic with Achilles on Skyros, (Museo de Jaén)
Figure 35 Tarragona, sarcophagus of Leocadius (Museu i Necròpolis Palaecristians, Tarragona)
Figure 36 La Bureba sarcophagus, Poza de la Sal (Museo de Burgos)
Fragmentation and Accretion
A Mixed Population
The Material Record: Metalwork
Figure 37 Cloisonné eagle fibulae (Museo de Cáceres)
Figure 38 Crown of King Recceswinth (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
The Material Record: Architecture and Sculpture
Figure 39 El Bovalar (Seròs), basilica
Figure 40 Pilaster (Museo del arte y la cultura Visigoda, Mérida)
Figure 41 Mérida, sculpted niche (Museo del arte y la cultura Visigoda, Mérida)
Figure 42 Toledo, sculpted niche (Museo de Santa Cruz, Toledo)
Figure 43 Santa Lucía del Trampal (Alcuéscar, Cáceres), exterior
Figure 44 San Juan de Baños (Palencia), reused Roman column at the chancel arch
711
The Early Kingdom of Asturias
Early Construction in Córdoba
Figure 45 Córdoba, arches of the Great Mosque, first phase
Building in Oviedo
Travelling Across the Peninsula
Defensive Building in al-Andalus
Figure 46 Mérida, Alcazaba, Entrance
Church Building in the Early Ninth Century?
Christians and the Enlarged Great Mosque of Córdoba
Figure 48 Bāb al-Wazurā (Door of St. Stephen). Image courtesy of the Conway Library, The Courtauld Institute of Art
Ramiro I and the Vikings
Figure 49 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, belvedere
Figure 50 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, belvedere, semi-basement
Figure 51 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, belvedere, north façade
Figure 52 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, belvedere, detail
Figure 53 Santa Cristina de Lena, exterior
Figure 54 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, San Miguel de Lillo
Figure 55 Oviedo, Monte Naranco, San Miguel de Lillo, detail of a base (Museo Arqueológico de Asturias, Oviedo)
Alfonso III and Visions of Victory
Figure 56 San Salvador de Valdediós, exterior
Figure 57 San Salvador de Valdediós, nave and chancel
Figure 59 San Julian de los Prados (Santullano), wall painting
Figure 60 Santa Eulalia de Bóveda (Lugo), interior
5. The Great Tenth Century
Al-Andalus
Figure 61 Córdoba, Great Mosque, dome of the maqsura
Figure 62 House of Ja’far, Madīnat al-Zahrā (Córdoba)
Figure 63 Valladolid Beatus (970), Biblioteca de la Universidad, ms 433, fols. 131v-131
Ramiro II and Córdoba
Figure 64 León, San Salvador de Palat del Rey, umbrella vault
Figure 65 El Bierzo, Valle de Silencio, Santiago de Peñalba
Figure 66 Santiago de Peñalba, south doorway
San Miguel de Escalada in new contexts
Figure 67 San Miguel de Escalada (León), nave arcade
Figure 68 San Miguel de Escalada (León), chancel barrier
Figure 69 Santa Cristina de Lena (Asturias), chancel screen
Figure 70 San Miguel de Escalada (León), frieze, central eastern chapel
Figure 71 León, Bible of 920, Biblioteca de la Catedral, Cod. 6, fol. 3v
Figure 72 San Juan de Baños (Palencia), nave arcade
Figure 73 Santa María de Bamba (Valladolid), capital frieze
Figure 74 Sahagún, SS. Facundus and Primitivus (Museo de las Madres Benedictinas, Sahagún), capital
Figure 76 San Cebrián de Mazote (Valladolid)
Figure 77 Santa María de Lebeña (Asturias), capital
Burgos, La Rioja and Álava
Rosendo and the Northwest
Figure 78 San Miguel de Celanova (Ourense)
Figure 79 San Miguel de Celanova (Ourense), interior spaces
Figure 80 São Frutuoso de Montélios (Braga), interior
Figure 81 Santa Comba de Bande (Ourense), brick vault
Figure 82 Santa Comba de Bande (Ourense), chancel
Figure 83 Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo)
Figure 84 Santa María de Melque (Toledo), stucco on arch at the crossing
Figure 85 Terrassa, Sant Miquel, interior
Figure 86 Terrassa, Sant Miquel, wall painting in the apse
Figure 88 Córdoba, capital with four evangelists (Museo Arqueológico de Córdoba)
Figure 90 Quintanilla de las Viñas, church of Santa María, impost
Figure 91 San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora), exterior
Figure 92 San Pedro de la Nave, chancel, sculpted frieze
Figure 94 San Pedro de la Nave, zoomorphic capital at the crossing
Art Under ‛Abd al-Malik
Figure 95 ‘Pamplona’ Ivory Casket of ‘Abd al-Malik (Museo de Navarra, Pamplona)
Figure 96 Marble basin, Granada (Museo de la Alhambra)
Figure 97 Toledo, Bāb al-Mūrdum mosque/church of Cristo de la Luz, exterior
Figure 98 Berlanga de Duero, San Baudelio, interior
Figure 99 Arm of ivory processional cross, San Millán de la Cogolla (Paris, Musée du Louvre)
The taifa kingdoms
Figure 100 Cuenca, ivory casket, 1026, Santo Domingo de Silos
Figure 101 Cuenca, ivory "Palencia" casket, 1049 (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
Figure 102 Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines (Pyrénées-Orientales), sculpted marble slab reset as a lintel
Figure 103 Saint-André-de-Sorède (Pyrénées-Orientales), sculpted marble altar
Figure 104 Saint-Martin-du-Canigou (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Figure 105 Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Figure 106 Vic Cathedral, crypt
Figure 108 Córdoba, Gran Capitán, capital (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
Figure 110 Zaragoza, Aljafería Palace, capital
Figure 111 Cardona, Sant Vicenç, crypt
Figure 112 Cardona, Sant Vicenç, nave
The Kingdom of Pamplona and its Networks
Figure 113 San Millán de la Cogolla, nave arcade
Figure 114 Palencia Cathedral, crypt of San Antolín
Taifa Kingdoms
Figure 115 Granada, Zirid baths
Figure 116 Taifa textile (Museo Arqueológico de Huesca)
Navarre and Barcelona
Figure 117 San Salvador de Leire (Navarre), crypt
Castile and León Enshrined at San Isidoro
Figure 118 San Pelayo casket, León, Real Colegiata de San Isidoro
Figure 119 Ivory cross of Fernando and Sancha, León, Real Colegiata de San Isidoro (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
Figure 120 León, ivory "Carrizo" Christ figure, Museo de León
Aragón
Artistic Experiments Amid the Political Chaos of the 1070s
Figure 121 San Millán de la Cogolla (Logroño), ivory panel of Engelramus and Redolfus (State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg)
Figure 122 León, Real Colegiata de San Isidoro, stone font (?)
Figure 123 Iguácel, church of Santa María, exterior
Figure 124 Oviedo Cathedral, Arca Santa
Reform and Synergy
Changes to the North-South Nexus
Papal Legates and their Networks Across the Northern Kingdoms
Figure 125 Dumio (Braga), São Martinho, cast of sarcophagus (Museu Regional de Arqueologia D. Diogo de Souso)
New Arrivals at Santiago de Compostela from the North and the South
Figure 126 Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Chapel of San Salvador, capital
Figure 127 Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, ambulatory capital
Figure 128 Toledo (Museo de Santa Cruz, Toledo), capital
San Isidoro de León, the Infanta Urraca, and the Network
Figure 130 León, Real Colegiata de San Isidoro, Pantheon, capital, Sacrifice of Abraham
Figure 131 Saint-Orens sarcophagus (Musée Saint-Raymond, Musée des Antiques de Toulouse)
Figure 132 Saint-Orens sarcophagus, Daniel in the Lions' Den (Musée Saint-Raymond, Musée des Antiques de Toulouse)
Figure 134 San Salvador de Nogal de las Huertas (Palencia), chancel arch, capital
Husillos: An Artistic Conversation
Figure 135 Frómista, San Martín, capital, two nude fighters, Cain and Abel (?) (Museo Arqueológico Provincial, Palencia)
Figure 136 Frómista, San Martín, capital, lion riders (Museo Arqueológico Provincial, Palencia)
Figure 137 Sahagún, SS. Facundus and Primitivus, marble tomb lid of Alfonso Ansúrez (Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid)
Widening the Network: Sancho Ramírez of Aragón, Queen Felicia, and the New Town of Jaca
Figure 139 Diptych (?) of Queen Felicia, Santa Cruz de la Serós (Aragón) (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Figure 140 Jaca cathedral (Aragón), south apse, exterior
Figure 141 Loarre castle (Aragón), exterior
Figure 142 San Juan de la Peña (Aragón), eastern chapels, interior
Figure 143 Carrión de los Condes (Palencia), San Zoilo, west doorway, capital, Balaam and the ass
Figure 145 Jaca cathedral (Aragón), capital, Balaam and the ass
Figure 146 Jaca cathedral (Aragón), capital, Sacrifice of Abraham
Figure 147 Sant Quirze de Pedret, wall painting, Foolish Virgins (MNAC, Barcelona)
Figure 148 Girona ‘tapestry’ (Museo de la Catedral de Girona), Adam Naming the Animals
Figure 149 Loarre castle (Aragón), flat slab sculpture above the entrance
Figure 150 León, Real Colegiata de San Isidoro, tympanum over south doorway, Portal of the Lamb
Epilogue
Chronology 700-1100
Bibliography of Cited Sources
Index
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