Five Words Critical Semantics in the Age of Shakespeare and Cervantes
by Roland Greene
University of Chicago Press, 2013
Cloth: 978-0-226-00063-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-70971-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-00077-0
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Blood. Invention. Language. Resistance. World. Five ordinary words that do a great deal of conceptual work in everyday life and literature. In this original experiment in critical semantics, Roland Greene considers how these words changed over the course of the sixteenth century and what their changes indicate about broader forces in science, politics, and other disciplines.

Rather than analyzing works, careers, or histories, Greene discusses a broad swath of Renaissance and transatlantic literature—including Shakespeare, Cervantes, Camões, and Milton—in terms of the development of these five words. Aiming to shift the conversation around Renaissance literature from current approaches to riskier enterprises, Greene also proposes new methods that take advantage of digital resources like full-text databases, but still depend on the interpreter to fashion ideas out of ordinary language. Five Words is an innovative and accessible book that points the field of literary studies in an exciting new direction.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Roland Greene is the Mark Pigott KBE Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. His most recent book, Unrequited Conquests: Love and Empire in the Colonial Americas, is also published by the University of Chicago Press.

REVIEWS

“There is nothing like Five Words in current criticism. Grounded upon deep erudition, it represents a genuine breakthrough in critical methodology, conceptual history, and the social and cultural task of locating literature among the other discourses. Roland Greene’s efforts to relate and interrelate the implications of the ‘five words’ shape an overarching argument about critical semantics that will have great impact upon the entire field of literary study.”
— William Kennedy, Cornell University

 “Roland Greene’s new book is a brilliant exercise in cultural and linguistic criticism.  Drawing on broad study in half a dozen languages and serious engagement with recent developments in critical thought, Greene guides his readers through nuanced readings of a set of key terms that shape the emergence of modernity. He shows how such seemingly innocent words as ‘world’ and ‘invention’ hide entire galaxies of meaning that shape the culture of the early modern period.  Along the way, he develops a set of critical paradigms that will influence our understanding of the intersection of language and culture far beyond the confines of this excellent study.”
— Timothy Hampton, University of California, Berkeley

 “One of our leading theorists in the field of European Renaissance literature offers an absorbing and important discussion of five dynamical concepts, rooted in particular words, which underwent profound change in the age of Shakespeare and Cervantes. These writers do not merely designate the age: they are the most influential writers in the West, and the deepest users of the words that have shaped the mind of the West. To understand other cultures, we need to understand the limits and the range of our own culture. This book is a timely contribution to that effort.”
— Gordon Teskey, Harvard University

“Beautiful and evocative. . . . Written with the deep learning and associative sensibility of a true humanist and drawing on an astonishing range of works in order to capture the semantic explosion of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Roland Greene’s book is itself both inventive and worldly.”
— Julia Reinhard Lupton, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900

“[A] stunningly good book, erudite but lively, informed by a great depth and breadth of reading, and tackling difficult yet very important (some would say urgent) questions. It should be read by everyone with an interest in Renaissance literature, and in language itself.”
— Hannah Crawforth, Renaissance Quarterly

“[T]he chapters’ angular assertions work conceptually to deliver rather dazzling and unexpected insights. . . . His ability to illuminate texts as beleaguered as the initial sonnet of Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella or the trial scene from The Merchant of Venice no less than a poem by Buchanan or a mixed-race account of the Spanish colonization of Peru confirms Greene’s astonishing critical adroitness throughout.”
— Christopher Martin, Sixteenth Century Journal

"Greene explores each of his words through sensitive, detailed readings. . . . Five Words reminds us of the importance of individual critical intelligence and offers a strong example of such intelligence at work."
— Modern Philology

“A unique, compelling, and often dazzling approach to literature and culture of the early modern period. . . . Each chapter of Five Words is engaging and useful in its own right, and certainly research in any one of these five areas would be enriched by Greene’s extensive work on that subject. The book’s greatest achievement, however, is in demonstrating how these five words together animate the worlds of Renaissance thought and culture.”
— Comparative Literature Studies

"Five Words’s erudition and scope are indisputable as it draws on a vast store of sources ranging from Cicero to Philip Sidney, Antonio Viera to the Inca Garcilaso, not to mention Shakespeare and Cervantes."
— Comparative Drama

“[Greene’s] unique approach allows for a range of insights—historical, cultural, and linguistic—that offer new ways of viewing the rise of modernity. . . . Highly recommended.”
— Choice

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0001
[semantic purchase, cultural change, culture, humanism, literary history]
The meanings of the words Invention, Language, Resistance, Blood, and World have changed profoundly in their semantic purchase—the way through which cultural change comes to us in the language of life, work, and the body. The study aims to explore a notional century that begins at about 1525, a period of about one hundred and fifty years that embraces the establishment of humanism in Europe beyond Italy. The approach that is introduced in this chapter, however, will not constitute the story of the period through ideas, events, or literary history. Rather, the author takes an oblique approach: to view this century in five words that are to represent what the mass of people in Europe and the Americas believed about their everyday experience—their place in culture, their relationship to the past and present, and how these five words and the culture around them changed together. (pages 1 - 14)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0002
[invention, cultural changes, pantagruelion, George Gascoigne, Philip Sidney, Anne Lock]
Rabelais’s Third Book of Pantagruel talks about the physical and botanical properties of the herb Pantagruelion—an imaginary amalgamation of plants such as hemp, cotton, and flax, as well as minerals such as asbestos. This brings to mind the word invention, and how the word underwent change and adapted into its modern semantic configuration during the sixteenth century. This chapter explores the word invention as a means of defining the century’s cultural changes. It considers how the early modern understanding of this term and concept revives its classical understanding, examining writers who can be credited with reinventing the term—George Gascoigne, Philip Sidney, and Anne Lock. Invention, it turns out, is one of the key terms that describes the way through which power moves across divisions of society and culture. (pages 15 - 40)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0003
[tongue, language, António Vieira, symposium, virtual conversation]
In 1653, the Jesuit priest António Vieira gave a sermon that spoke of the tongue’s nature as both an organ and a conceit for language itself. Throughout the century, it was possible to think speculatively about the relationship between two concepts, tongue and language, wherein the terms are sometimes synonymous but often alternatives or foils to one another. For Vieira, tongue absorbed all the properties associated with language, as self-conscious, artificial, and potentially human. This chapter takes the relation between tongue and language and reconstructs the conversation or apparent symposium surrounding these terms that spans more than one hundred years and travels across languages and societies. It is through the reconstruction and recall of this virtual conversation that an understanding of Vieira’s attraction to these terms can be achieved. (pages 41 - 73)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0004
[semantic cartoon, european vernaculars, violence, resistance, art]
Modern observers of art are concerned with how violence and resistance is transmuted into images and tropes, how art is able to bring about tension in these encounters, and how artists work across the interests of rebels and the upper classes. This chapter, however, is concerned more with how the term resistance comes into the European vernaculars around the sixteenth century. How did resistance come into the world as a semantic sketch, a nearly blank term to be filled in by action and reflection? How has resistance changed over time? The chapter takes a look at the semantic and conceptual history of this term, and is concerned mainly with the semantic cartoon across languages, societies, and oceans, where it encounters and collects a diverse number of dimensions and colors that eventually form its modern meaning in literature. (pages 74 - 106)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0005
[blood, Miguel de Cervantes, semantics, materialism, semantic history, semantic shift, representations, family]
This chapter explores two works from the late sixteenth century, namely: the anonymous domestic tragedy, A Warning for Fair Women, and Miguel de Cervantes’s novella La fuerza de la sangre (The power of blood). During this period, these two works, and many others, create too many competing allegories in different degrees of revision for the word blood. This trend in literature during the period shows that there is a semantic shift under way. The chapter tracks this change in semantics and notes its relation to materialism. The change in the representations of blood from notions of nobility, divinity, and the cosmos towards more modern perceptions such as family, class, and race is noted by the author. The chapter is concerned with blood’s semantic history, and asks: How does the concept of blood get reinvented in the late sixteenth century to take fresh account of the material, the liquid itself? (pages 107 - 142)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0006
[rhetorical approach, George Buchanan, in colonias brasilienes, brazil, semantics, world]
This chapter takes on the changes in semantics of the word “world.” In the 1550s, Scottish polymath George Buchanan composed the poem “In colonias brasilienes” as a means of attacking the Portuguese colonial enterprise in Brazil. His attacks through poetry often take a semantic and rhetorical approach. In them, he not only questions whether the empire is justified spiritually and politically, but also asks how their conquest affects his and his contemporaries’ understanding of the world. “World” in this sense, may differ from how we understand it today, and from how the ancients understood it during their time. The chapter explores the semantics of the “world”—such as what is the relation of the self to the world, or how the term world itself either suffices or fails to serve the desired meaning or effect. (pages 143 - 172)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Roland Greene
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000770.003.0007
[words, transatlantic culture, critical semantics, literary horizon, literary criticism, renaissance, literary representation]
During the Renaissance, thinkers, philosophers, and artists were often preoccupied with words as vessels of change. It was because European and transatlantic culture was consistently exposed to the written word that they formed a wealth of ways to imagine and re-imagine the power of words. The author explains his use of critical semantics in this book as a means to approach a world and period of literature that is not reduced to different perspectives located within a literary horizon. By inviting critics to place literature among other kinds of writing and thinking, critical semantics helps in the operation of literary criticism within a wider economy of thought, while at the same time performing the task that criticism itself is intended to perform: to speak of literary representation as a powerful, indispensable factor in culture. (pages 173 - 176)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

Notes

Index