Insurgent Democracy The Nonpartisan League in North American Politics
by Michael J. Lansing
University of Chicago Press, 2015
Cloth: 978-0-226-28350-0 | Paper: 978-0-226-43477-3 | Electronic: 978-0-226-28364-7
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

In 1915, western farmers mounted one of the most significant challenges to party politics America has seen: the Nonpartisan League, which sought to empower citizens and restrain corporate influence. Before its collapse in the 1920s, the League counted over 250,000 paying members, spread to thirteen states and two Canadian provinces, controlled North Dakota’s state government, and birthed new farmer-labor alliances. Yet today it is all but forgotten, neglected even by scholars.

Michael J. Lansing aims to change that. Insurgent Democracy offers a new look at the Nonpartisan League and a new way to understand its rise and fall in the United States and Canada. Lansing argues that, rather than a spasm of populist rage that inevitably burned itself out, the story of the League is in fact an instructive example of how popular movements can create lasting change. Depicting the League as a transnational response to economic inequity, Lansing not only resurrects its story of citizen activism, but also allows us to see its potential to inform contemporary movements.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Michael J. Lansing is associate professor of history at Augsburg College in Minneapolis.

REVIEWS

Insurgent Democracy is beautifully written, deeply researched, and compellingly argued. Lansing’s graceful prose and flowing narrative will capture the attention and imagination of a wide variety of readers, including historians, political scientists, and activists. This book will be one of the most important rural, western, and American political histories to emerge for some time.  At the same time, the book helps to redeem—in a proud but not uncritical manner—our nation’s rich legacy of agrarian radicalism.”
— Robert D. Johnston, author of The Radical Middle Class

“The farmers of the Nonpartisan League unleashed an anti-corporate insurgency about which most of us know too little. Yet, their democratic experiments and their pursuit of alternative economic models offer invaluable insights. Lansing tells their remarkable story with the care and passion that it deserves.”
— Charles Postel, author of The Populist Vision

“Lansing takes us back to a time when ordinary people fought to participate fully in democratic institutions and believed adamantly in a marketplace that would serve all people. They were engaged, imaginative, and courageous. Lansing also reminds us that it is not too late to demand the same.”
— Catherine McNicol Stock, author of Rural Radicals: Righteous Indignation in the American Grain

“The history of agricultural radicalism in the US (or even the political history of farmers, for that matter) usually ends with the demise of the Populists in the 1890s. Lansing, however, provides a much-needed corrective in this book charting the history of the eponymous North Dakota-born farmers’ organization, formed in 1915, that spread across agricultural states from Wisconsin to Washington, and even into Canada. . . . This book should be in every academic library collection. Highly recommended.”
— Choice

“The book is an excellent opportunity to take a new look at the impact of the Nonpartisan League not only in North Dakota, but nationally and in Canada. Lansing’s account of the League’s success and failure is also a study of the difficult but not impossible path of citizen action that can transform the political process, even from within the system.”
— North Dakota History

“Written at a time when populisms of the right have decimated that liberalism, Lansing’s story invites fresh conversations about the current state of American politics.”
— Western Historical Quarterly

“Lansing has produced a well-researched and elegantly written chronicle of the NPL and its short-lived period of operation (1915–1923), focusing his keen gaze on how the organization created a rural insurgency dedicated to the proposition of participatory democracy. Aiming his lens at contemporary American politics with its ideological divisions, rapacious capitalism, and growing economic inequality, Lansing’s book also serves as a platform for how such a politics might be achieved again.”
— Agricultural History

“Lansing’s Insurgent Democracy is a product of different times and of recent de­velopments in historical scholarship. Impres­sively researched, it ranges over a full catalog of concepts and issues of current academic inter­est, including transnationalism, women’s ac­tivism, historical memory, the radical middle class, movement culture, election laws, par­ticipatory democracy, citizen empowerment, and moral economy. . . . It provides important new perspectives on a remarkable movement and should stimulate further work.”
— Journal of American History

“Meticulously researched, accurate and workmanlike, insightful, and smoothly written. For anyone wishing to learn about a little known chapter in early twentieth-century North American agrarian politics, this book is very good.”
— Labour/Le Travail

“The strength of Insurgent Democracy comes from Lansing’s impressive use of primary sources to bring the NPL’s story back to life. His ability to connect American and Canadian history adds a dimension rarely achieved in other works. Insurgent Democracy’s thoughtful discussion helps restore the broader political imaginary of the NPL’s vision.”
— Nebraska History

“Lansing casts a keen eye on a populist movement that briefly unsettled politics on the western plains, providing a blueprint for citizen agency in a corporate age. . . . Prodigiously researched and passionately argued, Insurgent Democracy could hardly be more relevant to the current political conversation. In a presidential election year in which populist messages have engaged millions of voters in both major parties, a turn to history offers both cautionary notes and inspiration, depending on one’s perspective. The way things are is not always the way things must be. Surely an idealist’s mantra, it may also offer a road map to something better.”
— American Historical Review

“A thoughtfully conceived and carefully constructed example of how a study steeped in a particular regional context can also provide valuable insight on enduring questions, which include but also ultimately transcend that context.”
— Great Plains Studies

“A fascinating read. . .Raises thought-provoking questions. . .The many microepisodes spread throughout Insurgent Democracy provide fodder for a scholar seeking to examine the challenges of fusing farmers and labor.”
— Kansas History

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prologue

- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0001
[co-operatives, corporations, middle class, wheat farming, socialism, Populism, nonpartisan, equity, North Dakota]
Born in North Dakota in 1915, the NPL empowered disadvantaged citizens to directly engage in electoral politics. It defied the common assumption that agrarians could not transcend regional, ethnic, and economic differences to vote as a bloc. Growing out of co-operative movements and influenced by Socialist Party organizers, NPL members used the open primary to take over the state’s dominant Republican Party in 1916. They touted a program of government competition that set up state-owned enterprises to challenge private corporations in various economic sectors. (pages 1 - 41)
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- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0002
[Canada, transnational, wheat farming, Arthur Townley, organizing, automobiles, newspapers, William Irvine]
In North Dakota, previous farmer movements created agrarian cohesion in the face of economic inequity and tin-eared politicians. In other places, however, transcending ethnic, religious, and political differences in a wide range of contexts depended on organizing instead of mobilizing. In 1916 and 1917, as the NPL expanded into Minnesota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and Wisconsin—and as Canadian agrarians adapted the model for Saskatchewan and Alberta—it confronted this tension. Automobiles, credit, and newspapers helped the League address it. North of the border, Canadians in similar circumstances adopted the League model, drew from Social Gospel predilections, and engaged women more fully than their American counterparts. (pages 42 - 91)
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- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0003
[World War I, civil liberties, loyalty, ethnicity, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Council of Defence, Independent Voters Association]
Anti-German and anti-red hysteria during World War I shaped the future of the Nonpartisan League. Targeted by local and state officials, League members struggled to articulate their stance on the war. Pegged as un-American, the NPL fomented a violent response. Those who fought the Nonpartisan League inadvertently paid tribute to its potential to remake American politics. Covert investigations by federal and state agents as well as private detectives matched mob violence and innumerable indictments for disloyalty. Better-organized opposition grew from these roots. Civil liberties questions sparked by controversies over the Nonpartisan League reached the U.S. Supreme Court. (pages 92 - 138)
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- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0004
[State Bank, State Mill and Elevator, empowerment, democracy, movement culture, iconography, women, labor unions, Sinclair Lewis]
The NPL gained control of all three branches of government in North Dakota in 1918. In Minnesota, Montana, South Dakota, and Idaho, Leaguers pointed to the establishment of a state-owned flour mill, grain elevator, and bank in the Flickertail State. Jubilant farmers actively engaged in deliberative politics created a culture to match their newfound passion for political action. Farm women, too, became especially crucial. The League’s initial focus on agrarian manhood gave way. All this earned more national attention for the NPL. It also ensured that unions began taking the League more seriously. The NPL brokered agreements with organized labor not only in North Dakota but also in Minnesota, Montana, and Washington State. Furthermore, NPL success extended into American culture. Swept up in the excitement, authors and thinkers touted the democratic possibilities. With 250,000 members in thirteen states, the NPL’s power peaked in early 1919. (pages 139 - 184)
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- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0005
[entrepreneurship, primaries, democracy, Arthur Townley, Walter Lippmann, Bolshevism, American Legion, Theodore Nelson, Alberta, women]
NPL leaders admitted to a tight hold on the organization. They suggested that their objective—“to obtain democracy”—nonetheless made the League democratic. The strength of their opponents cemented this belief even as many farmers developed a new confidence in their own clout. Tensions between the two visions—one insistent on tight control from above, the other equally insistent on expanding farmer participation in the organization’s decision-making—broke the NPL wide open. Furthermore, farmers’ emerging commitment to citizen-centered democracy belied the emerging perception that popular politics threatened the nation’s stability. Meantime, NPL leaders devised and promoted commercial enterprises without consulting the membership. Established political parties responded to the NPL by attacking the open and direct primary. Adversaries engaged in vicious smear campaigns. Fissures in the unified farmers front began to show. Failure in the 1920 election season made this fragmentation apparent. Even though the NPL did not disappear in the wake of these electoral losses, it never fully recovered. (pages 185 - 237)
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- Michael J. Lansing
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226283647.003.0006
[women, labor unions, farm bloc, liberalism, New Deal, middle class, isolationism, New Left, Northern Lights (1978), state enterprises]
Even as the League began to fade from the national political scene, former members persevered in their commitments. Most of the League’s legacies remained overlooked. It showed the significance of citizen-centered democracy in the Progressive Era. It empowered rural women to not only participate in but also affect electoral politics. It fused farmer and labor interests into powerful third parties in both the United States and Canada. It launched the careers of insurgent U. S. Senators who influenced national politics in that body into the late 1930s. It established the legality and promise of state-owned enterprises. It successfully extended older anti-monopolist popular politics into an urbanizing and industrializing America. It applied principles of economic cooperation to politics. It deployed novel electoral tactics to make politicians more responsive to voters. It combined contemporary corporate efficiencies with a critique of corporations. It articulated an agrarian moral economy that envisioned an alternate future for American capitalism. Ultimately, the League offered the biggest challenge to party-politics-as usual in twentieth-century U.S. history. (pages 238 - 276)
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Epilogue

Acknowledgments

Notes

Index