A vast array of ocean instrumentation has been developed for research purposes since the middle of the twentieth century, among which remote sensing technologies have become increasingly important. Within this class of instruments, high frequency (HF) surface and skywave radar, microwave marine radar and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based radar have been successfully implemented in gathering information on large tracts of the ocean surface. This book provides a systematic introduction to the principles, state-of-the-art methods and applications of HF surface and sky wave radar, microwave marine radar and GNSS-based radar, as well as an exploration of ongoing challenges in the field.

The development of offshore wind power has become a pressing energy issue, driven by the need to find new electrical power sources and to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Offshore wind farms can harness tremendous wind resources without annoying citizens and with a comparatively low environmental impact. They are thus becoming a central pillar of a carbon free energy system. However offshore turbines and wind farms are costly to install and maintain, making reliability and cost-effectiveness key issues. This work covers reliability of offshore wind farms as a whole, starting from weather and wind conditions, dealing with wind turbine technology, farm layout, monitoring, safety and maintenance. The thoroughly revised second edition additionally covers turbines of up to 10 MW, turbine design changes, turbine converters, HVDC converter stations and DC links, offshore sub-sea collector and export cables, and the structures supporting large offshore wind farms.

The development of offshore wind power has become a pressing modern energy issue in which the UK is taking a major part, driven by the need to find new electrical power sources, avoiding the use of fossil fuels, in the knowledge of the extensive wind resource available around our islands and the fact that the environmental impact of offshore wind farms is likely to be low.

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) was one of the great pioneers of electrical science. His ideas led to huge advances in communications and now form much of the bedrock of electrical engineering - every textbook and every college course bears his stamp.

Electromagnetic waves are guided by open structures in a variety of applications at radio, microwave, millimetric and optical frequencies. Examples range from the propogation of radiowaves down the shaft of an oil rig to that of light through an optical fibre. As the guide is open, radiation may also be present, for example from a microstrip-fed patch or a slot antenna. These twin aspects of waveguiding and radiation are in fact closely interwoven and this book is the first to deal with the two by means of a single mathematical formalism.

Open resonator microwave sensors allow accurate sensing, monitoring and measurement of properties such as dimension and moisture content in materials including dielectrics, rubber, polymers, paper, fabrics and wood veneers. This book presents a coherent and entirely practical approach to the design and use of systems based on these sensors in industrial environments, showing how they can provide meaningful, accurate and industrially-viable methods of gauging.

The optical fiber industry has experienced a period of consolidation and reorganization and is now poised for a new surge in growth. To take advantage of that growth, and to respond to the demand to use fiber more efficiently, designers need a better understanding of fiber optics. Taking the approach that optical fibers are an extension of RF-based communications, the author explains basic optical concepts, applications, and systems; the nature and performance characteristics of optical fibers; and optical sources, connectors and splices. Subsequent chapters explore current applications of fiber optic technology. Appropriate for use as a college text, this is an accessible and thorough treatment of fiber optics, without an intimidating amount of mathematical derivations.

Optical MEMS are micro-electromechanical systems merged with micro-optics. They allow sensing or manipulating optical signals on a very small size scale using integrated mechanical, optical, and electrical systems and hold great promise specifically in biomedical applications, among others.

This book gives an exposition of recently developed approximate dynamic programming (ADP) techniques for decision and control in human engineered systems. ADP is a reinforcement machine learning technique that is motivated by learning mechanisms in biological and animal systems. It is connected from a theoretical point of view with both adaptive control and optimal control methods. The book shows how ADP can be used to design a family of adaptive optimal control algorithms that converge in real-time to optimal control solutions by measuring data along the system trajectories. Generally, in the current literature adaptive controllers and optimal controllers are two distinct methods for the design of automatic control systems. Traditional adaptive controllers learn online in real time how to control systems, but do not yield optimal performance. On the other hand, traditional optimal controllers must be designed offline using full knowledge of the systems dynamics. It is also shown how to use ADP methods to solve multi-player differential games online. Differential games have been shown to be important in H-infinity robust control for disturbance rejection, and in coordinating activities among multiple agents in networked teams. The focus of this book is on continuous-time systems, whose dynamical models can be derived directly from physical principles based on Hamiltonian or Lagrangian dynamics.

The key theme of this book is an exploration of how recent advances across three related scientific fields are intertwined - the developments in metamaterials, the automated optimal design of innovative electronic, electromagnetic and mechatronic devices, and 3D printing.

This book is devoted to the description of optimum signal processing algorithms which can find useful applications in radar systems. The monograph collects about twenty papers written by the Editor and his colleagues. Structurally the collection of the papers is divided into four parts. The first describes the adaptive cancellation techniques of radar clutter; the second part addresses the challenging problem of finding the optimum detection schemes to deal with target and clutter signals having non-Gaussian probability density function, and any type of autocorrelation function. The third group of papers considers the problem of finding the optimum detection schemes for the case of netted multi-static radar systems. The last part is concerned with more general processing techniques used in radar systems for surveillance.

This book reviews the state of the art in the use of organic materals as physical, chemical and biomedical sensors in a variety of application settings.

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic (often a sine wave, a square wave, or a pulse trains) or a non-periodic (a double-mode wave or a chaotic wave) oscillating electronic signal. Oscillators convert direct current from a power supply to an alternating current signal, and are widely used in many electronic devices. This book surveys recent developments in the design, analysis and applications of this important class of circuits.

This second edition of the number one guide to oscillator design presents a comprehensive, unified approach to oscillator design that can be used with a wide range of active devices and resonator types. Resonator types covered include: L-C, crystal, SAW, dielectric resonator, coaxial line, stripline and microstrip. This text covers modern CAD synthesis and analysis techniques and is valuable to experienced engineers as well as to those new to oscillator design. The books topics include: Analysis fundamentals, oscillator fundamentals, limiting and starting, biasing, noise, computer simulation and examples and case studies.

In order to fulfill the tremendous worldwide demand for electrification, power line professionals will need to adopt rapid, reliable and sustainable solutions. For example, in a fast-developing country like India, which had the largest population without electricity in 2014 and 1.34 billion inhabitants in 2017, the demand for electrification is immense. In recent years, a new program facilitated 0.73 million new household connections per month and almost 19,000 villages per year.

This book surveys some of the techniques available to protect low-voltage electrical and electronic equipment and systems from lightning strikes and other power surges. The book examines the basic discharge processes in air and their effects, through transient electromagnetic field generation and interaction with overhead lines and underground cables. Attention is paid to the use of models for lightning protection and the book focuses on protection techniques based on modelled lightning protection zones. This is then logically developed in a major section on the practical components and applications of protective measures and systems, as well as testing techniques. These are placed in the context of current IEC and VDE standards. The book is highly illustrated with a vast number of photographs as well as system diagrams and tabular matter.