How often does a novel earn its author both the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to Harper Lee by George W. Bush in 2007, and a spot on a list of “100 best gay and lesbian novels”? Clearly, To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee’s Pulitzer Prize–winning tale of race relations and coming of age in Depression-era Alabama, means many different things to many different people. In Mockingbird Passing, Holly Blackford invites the reader to view Lee’s beloved novel in parallel with works by other iconic American writers—from Emerson, Whitman, Stowe, and Twain to James, Wharton, McCullers, Capote, and others. In the process, she locates the book amid contesting literary traditions while simultaneously exploring the rich ambiguities that define its characters.

Blackford finds the basis of Mockingbird’s broad appeal in its ability to embody the mainstream culture of romantics like Emerson and social reform writers like Stowe, even as alternative canons—southern gothic, deadpan humor, queer literatures, regional women’s novels—lurk in its subtexts. Central to her argument is the notion of “passing”: establishing an identity that conceals the inner self so that one can function within a closed social order. For example, the novel’s narrator, Scout, must suppress her natural tomboyishness to become a “lady.” Meanwhile, Scout’s father, Atticus Finch, must contend with competing demands of thoughtfulness, self-reliance, and masculinity that ultimately stunt his effectiveness within an unjust society. Blackford charts the identity dilemmas of other key characters—the mysterious Boo Radley, the young outsider Dill (modeled on Lee’s lifelong friend Truman Capote), the oppressed victim Tom Robinson—
in similarly intriguing ways. Queer characters cannot pass unless, like the narrator, Miss Maudie, and Cal, they split into the “modest double life.”

In uncovering To Kill a Mockingbird’s lively conversation with a diversity of nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers and tracing the equally diverse journeys of its characters, Blackford offers a myriad of fresh insights into why the novel has retained its appeal for so many readers for over fifty years. At once Victorian, modern, and postmodern, Mockingbird passes in many canons.

Holly Blackford, an associate professor of English at Rutgers University–Camden, has published extensively in the fields of American literature and children’s literature.

Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird remains one of the most enduring works of southern fiction ever written. Although a literary phenomenon-tens of millions of copies sold worldwide-there is surprisingly little secondary literature on Lee and her only novel. On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections is the first collection of original essays on the author and her magnum opus.

On Harper Lee is an eclectic combination of academic and familiar essays. John Carlos Rowe discusses economic issues in the novel; Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin looks at Lee's handling of humor; Robert Butler examines the novel within the context of Christian religious allegory; Jean Frantz Blackall traces the similarities between To Kill a Mockingbird and the novels of Lee's favorite author, Jane Austen; and Kathryn Lee Seidel examines how the character of Scout comes to approximate the ideals of Stoicism embodied in her father, Atticus Finch.

In what is perhaps the most controversial chapter in the collection, Laura Fine examines how To Kill a Mockingbird follows the pattern of lesbian coming-of-age fiction, arguing that the subtext “is the drama of Scout herself, of her conflicted private hopes to be accepted as an outsider.” Likewise controversial Lesley Marx recounts the reaction to Lee's novel in her native South Africa. Because Mockingbird holds such tremendous personal appeal for so many readers, Petry has included three familiar essays by noted writers Doris Betts, Gerald Early, and Nichelle D. Tramble.

Written for scholars as well as general readers, On Harper Lee is an accessible collection on one of America's most important novels and its often enigmatic creator.