The best resource for interpreting these widely used personality assessment tests. Essentials of MMPI-2 and MMPI-A Interpretation presents innovative interpretive strategies for both the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, or MMPI-2, and the adaptation for adolescents, the MMPI-A. James N. Butcher and Carolyn L. Williams detail the rationale for the revision and development of the instruments and their scales, and describe how to administer, score, profile, code, and interpret the tests. The revised edition includes the most recent MMPI research, including new information on ethnic background and cultural setting as they relate to assessment. Focusing primarily on studies of profile validity and external correlates, the revision also includes interpretive guidelines for several scales that will be introduced into the MMPI tests in 2000. James N. Butcher is professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota. The author of numerous articles and books on the MMPI, he was a member of the MMPI Restandardization and Adolescent Project committees. Carolyn L. Williams is associate professor of epidemiology in the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, and coauthor of two previous books on the MMPI.