Advances in telemedicine technologies have offered clinicians greater levels of real-time guidance and technical assistance for diagnoses, monitoring, operations or interventions from colleagues based in remote locations. The topic includes the use of videoconferencing, mentorship during surgical procedures, or machine-to-machine communication to process data from one location by programmes running in another.

The inexorable increase in levels of integration of electronic circuits has most often been exploited using digital signals. So much so that design engineers have sought to digitise analogue signals as early as possible in the signal processing chain, and performed digital processing wherever practicable.

Radar interferometers provide a cost-effective radar architecture to achieve enhanced angle accuracy for enhanced target tracking. The objective of this book is to quantify interferometer angle estimation accuracy by developing a general understanding of various radar interferometer architectures and presenting a comprehensive understanding of the effects of radar-based measurement errors on angle-of-arrival estimation. As such this book is primarily directed toward tracking radars but will also discuss imaging applications as well.

Aircraft are becoming increasingly reliant on computing and networking technologies, with the advent of the Internet of Things, but this makes them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This multidisciplinary book is at the cross section of aircraft systems, cybersecurity, and defence technologies. It covers the very latest in defending military and commercial aircraft against cyber-attacks.

Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules are able to utilize light from both sides and can therefore significantly increase the electric yield of PV power plants, thus reducing the cost and improving profitability. Bifacial PV technology has a huge potential to reach a major market share, in particular when considering utility scale PV plants. Accordingly, bifacial PV is currently attracting increasing attention from involved engineers, scientists and investors.

Blockchain technology is a powerful, cost-effective method for network security. Essentially, it is a decentralized ledger for storing all committed transactions in trustless environments by integrating several core technologies such as cryptographic hash, digital signature and distributed consensus mechanisms.

The intermittency of renewable energy sources is making increased deployment of storage technology necessary. Technologies are needed with high round-trip efficiency and at low cost to allow renewables to undercut fossil fuels. The cost of lithium batteries has fallen, but producing them comes with a substantial carbon footprint, as well as a cost to the local environment.

Recent progress in the design and production of digital signal processing (DSP) devices has provided significant new opportunities to workers in the already extensive field of signal processing. It is now possible to contemplate the use of DSP techniques in cost-sensitive wide bandwidth applications, thereby making more effective use of the large body of available signal processing knowledge. Digital signal processing, long the province of telecommunications is, in both research and applications contexts, of growing importance in fields of medical signal analysis, industrial control (particularly robotics), in the analysis and synthesis of speech and in both audio and video entertainment systems. The growing demand for engineering skills in these areas has led to the writing of this book and the presentation of the material of the book at an lEE-sponsored Vacation School at the University of Leicester.

Digital twin (DT) technology is a real-time evolving digital duplicate of a physical object or process that contains all its history. It is enabled by massive real-time multi-source data collection and analysis. While 6G is considered as an enabler of digital twins, DT can also be a facilitator for integrating AI and 6G towards reliable, pervasive and efficient intelligent technologies.

Cloud computing has evolved as a cost-effective, easy-to-use, elastic and scalable computing paradigm to transform today's business models. 5G, Industrial IoT, Industry 4.0 and China-2050 frameworks and technologies are introducing new challenges that cannot be solved efficiently using current cloud architectures. To handle the collected information from such a vast number of devices and actuators, and address these issues, novel concepts have been proposed to bring cloud-like resources closer to end users at the edge of the network, a technology called edge computing.

E-learning has become an important part of our educational life with the development of e-learning systems and platforms and the need for online and remote learning. ICT and computational intelligence techniques are being used to design more intelligent and adaptive systems. However, the art of designing good real-time e-learning systems is difficult as different aspects of learning need to be considered including challenges such as learning rates, involvement, knowledge, qualifications, as well as networking and security issues. The earlier concepts of standalone integrated virtual e-learning systems have been greatly enhanced with emerging technologies such as cloud computing, mobile computing, big data, Internet of Things (IoT), AI and machine learning, and AR/VT technologies.

Electrical steels are critical components of magnetic cores used in applications ranging from large rotating machines, including energy generating equipment, and transformers to small instrument transformers and harmonic filters. Presented over two volumes, this comprehensive handbook provides full coverage of the state-of-the-art in electrical steels.

This comprehensive, must-read reference covers the production, characterisation and applications of electrical steels. A range of uses are discussed, with renewable power generation covered in particular. The authors present the material in a systematic way, covering production, measurements, standards, uses, and a number of other important aspects, making it essential reading for any engineers and scientists working in the electrical generation and distribution sectors.

There are several ways to classify electromagnetic waveguides. Depending on their boundaries, they can be classified into waveguides with perfectly reflecting walls or finite impedance walls, as well as open waveguides. In terms of their applications, there are the low attenuation and low delay distortion waveguides for telecommunication, the low crosspolar field waveguides used as feeds for reflector antennas in frequency reuse schemes, as well as the leaky feeders in continuous access communication systems. There are also the natural waveguides such as tunnels and the earth-ionosphere waveguide.

The world is keen to leverage multi-faceted AI techniques and tools to deploy and deliver the next generation of business and IT applications. Resource-intensive gadgets, machines, instruments, appliances, and equipment spread across a variety of environments are empowered with AI competencies. Connected products are collectively or individually enabled to be intelligent in their operations, offering and output.

This book describes high frequency power MOSFET gate driver technologies, including gate drivers for GaN HEMTs, which have great potential in the next generation of switching power converters. Gate drivers serve as a critical role between control and power devices.

Demand response (DR) describes controlled changes in the power consumption of an electric load to better match the power demand with the supply. This helps with increasing the share of intermittent renewables like solar and wind, thus ensuring use of the generated clean power and reducing the need for storage capacity.

The rapid advancements in telecommunications, computing hardware and software, and data encryption, and the widespread use of electronic data processing and electronic business conducted through the Internet have led to a strong increase in information security threats. The latest advances in information security have increased practical deployments and scalability across a wide range of applications to better secure and protect our information systems and the information stored, processed and transmitted. This book outlines key emerging trends in information security from the foundations and technologies in biometrics, cybersecurity, and big data security to applications in hardware and embedded systems security, computer forensics, the Internet of Things security, and network security.

Multimedia technologies have opened up a wide range of applications by combining a variety of information sources such as voice, graphics, animation, images, audio, and full-motion video which can be successfully implemented in banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) industries to support their activities and strategic goals.

This book explains how intelligence can be introduced into digital telephone networks. Beginning by outlining the basic principles of Intelligent Networks (IN), it tracks the application of the IN principle of separation of the service logic for advanced telephony services from the underlying call control infrastructures. The book explains how large public networks are updated to incorporate IN principles for advanced telephony services. This is illustrated using many practical examples which are set against a background of following the ETSI standards within the overall ITU-T framework of recommendations. This book is targeted at postgraduate telecommunications students, or engineers requiring a concise and practical introduction to IN.

Based on the authors' 20 years' research work on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging of moving targets and non-cooperative target recognition, this book provides readers with knowledge of various algorithms of ISAR imaging of targets and implementation with MATLAB. It introduces basic principles of radar backscattering, radar imaging, and signal analysis. It describes the characteristics of radar returns from targets, how to produce well-focused ISAR images of moving targets, and what features that can extracted from ISAR images. Also introduced are several important algorithms for ISAR image formation, ISAR image auto-focusing, and applications of ISAR imaging to air targets, sea vessels and ground moving targets. Examples of ISAR imaging of ground moving targets, air targets, and sea vessels are discussed in detail.

A laser of sufficient intensity traveling through air will - by itself - engineer a narrow channel over which light will propagate for tens or even hundreds of meters. Such filaments of laser light were first created at the end of the twentieth century, and investigators are now beginning to explore new applications for them.

Urban Transport energy efficiency and environmental sustainability continue to present big challenges for city leaders and policy think tanks. As the share of the world's population living in cities grows to nearly 70 per cent between now and 2050, urban transport energy consumption is forecast to double to meet the travel demand in the world's future cities. This urban growth will also dramatically change the scale and nature of our communities, and put a tremendous strain on the built environment and infrastructure that delivers vital services like transport.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the evolution of the internet as the interconnection not just of computers, but also uniquely identifiable, pervasive embedded devices. Research has estimated there will be nearly 30 billion devices on the Internet of Things within the next decade. The implementation and deployment of the IoT brings with it management challenges around seamless integration, heterogeneity, scalability, mobility, security, and many other issues. This book explores these challenges and possible solutions.

The evolution of medical equipment engineering is progressing rapidly, with advances in digital healthcare technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual/augmented reality, 3D-printing, robotics and nanotechnologies developing at pace. Medical equipment engineering can assist in surveying workplace inefficiencies, and develop efficient optimisation processes, through data research and intelligent learning automation. This edited book covers the benefits of the integration of lean manufacturing, smart sensors, 5G technology, IoTs, virtual reality, 3D printing, robotics and automation.

This book covers the use of devices in microwave circuits and includes such topics as semiconductor theory and transistor performance, CAD considerations, intermodulation, noise figure, signal handling, S-parameter mapping, narrow- and broadband techniques, packaging and thermal considerations. Perhaps the most comprehensive text on GaAs FET technology and its practical application. It covers the use of MESFET devices in microwave circuits, such as low-noise amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, power amplifiers, switches and multipliers. This text is a classic reference for all engineers involved in the development of solid state microwave devices.

Power devices are key to modern power systems, performing essential functions such as inverting and changing voltages, buffering, and switching. The increasing complexity of power systems, with distributed renewable generation on the rise, is posing challenges to these devices. In recent years, several new devices have emerged, including wide bandgap devices, each with advantages and weaknesses depending on circumstances and applications.

Negative Group Delay Devices: From concepts to applications introduces the theoretical concept, analysis, design methodology and implementation of negative group delay (NGD). The NGD concept is a recent topic in electrical and electronic engineering research based on an unconventional function; the generation of an output signal seemingly in time-advance of the input signal. The NGD function has been exploited to develop experimental high-performance electronic devices, and novel design features of radio frequency (RF) and microwave electronic devices, such as filters, power dividers and amplifiers. Examples include the realization of non-Foster reactive elements, shortening or reducing delay lines, enhancing the efficiency of feedforward linear amplifiers, improvement of phase shifters accuracy and bandwidth, equalization of electrical interconnect effects for the microwave, digital and mixed signal integrity improvement, and minimizing beam-squint in series-fed antenna arrays.

This book focuses on recent advances and future trends in the methods and applications of technologies that are used in neuroscience for the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases and conditions or for the improvement of quality of life. The editors have assembled contributions from a range of international experts, to bring together key topics in neurotechnology, neuroengineering, and neurorehabilitation. The book explores biomedical signal processing, neuroimaging acquisition and analysis, computational intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, biometrics, machine learning and neurorobotics, human machine interaction, mobile apps and discusses ways in which these neural technologies can be used as diagnostic tools, research methods, treatment modalities, as well as in devices and apps in everyday life.

Most solar cells currently in commercial use are p-type solar cells, due to their historically lower cost and ease of manufacture compared to n-type solar cells. However, due to improved manufacturing technology and falling cost in general, the cost difference between the two types has shrunk, making n-type solar cells an attractive option for future commercial high-efficiency solar cells.

This book reviews the state of the art in the use of organic materals as physical, chemical and biomedical sensors in a variety of application settings.

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic (often a sine wave, a square wave, or a pulse trains) or a non-periodic (a double-mode wave or a chaotic wave) oscillating electronic signal. Oscillators convert direct current from a power supply to an alternating current signal, and are widely used in many electronic devices. This book surveys recent developments in the design, analysis and applications of this important class of circuits.

Since the development of the semantic web, knowledge graphs (KGs) have been used by search engines, knowledge-engines and question-answering services as well as social networks. A knowledge graph, also known as a semantic network, represents and illustrates a network of real-world entities such as objects, events, situations, or concepts and the relationships between them. This information is usually stored in a graph database and visualized as a graph structure, prompting the term "knowledge graph". Knowledge graphs structure the information of entities, their properties and the relation between them.

This book contains a thorough treatment of phase noise, its relationship to thermal noise and associated subjects such as frequency stability. The design of low phase noise signal sources, including oscillators and synthesisers, is explained and in many cases the measured phase noise characteristics are compared with the theoretical predictions. Full theoretical treatments are combined with physical explanations, helpful comments, examples of manufactured equipment and practical tips.

Power systems need to incorporate rising shares of intermittent renewables. The penetration levels of renewable energy sources, inverter-based resources and inverter-based loads have grown, which has negative impacts on the stability and system strength of existing power systems.

The micro-Doppler effect appears as Doppler frequency modulations in coherent laser or microwave radar systems induced by mechanical vibrations or rotations of a target or any part on the target. These Doppler modulations become a distinctive signature of a target that incorporates vibrating or rotating structures, and provides evidence of the identity of the target with movement.

The IoT is the inter-networking of connected and smart devices, buildings, vehicles and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. A sensor is a detection device that measures, records, or responds to a physical property. Sensors represent the front end of information processing. Progress in communication technologies is part of the multi-factorial advances in electronics, sensors, embedded computing, signal processing and machine learning methods that has led to the development of new capabilities in the IoT.

The shadowing function is an important element in the simulation and calculation of how electromagnetic waves scatter at randomly rough surfaces. Its derivation and use is an active, interdisciplinary area of research with practical applications in fields such as radar, optics, acoustics, geoscience, computer graphics and remote sensing.

When digitized entities, connected devices and microservices interact purposefully, we end up with a massive amount of multi-structured streaming (real-time) data that is continuously generated by different sources at high speed. Streaming analytics allows the management, monitoring, and real-time analytics of live streaming data. The topic has grown in importance due to the emergence of online analytics and edge and IoT platforms. A real digital transformation is being achieved across industry verticals through meticulous data collection, cleansing and crunching in real time. Capturing and subjecting those value-adding events is considered to be the prime task for achieving trustworthy and timely insights.

Reluctance motors induce non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor; the rotor does not have any windings and torque is generated through magnetic reluctance. Synchronous reluctance motors (SyRMs) have an equal number of stator and rotor poles. Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, so they are finding increasing application in the transport sector. Disadvantages include high torque ripple and the complexity of designing and controlling them. Advances in theory, computer design, and control electronics can overcome these issues.

Traffic flow prediction is key aspect of intelligent transport systems such as traffic management systems, adaptive traffic control systems and traffic information services systems. Experiences have been made with traffic flow prediction modules. But a book is lacking to discuss latest results of traffic flow prediction technology. This book brings together the latest research on methods of traffic flow prediction and their applications, and provides a comprehensive reference book for transportation researchers and engineers.

Wearable exoskeletons are electro-mechanical systems designed to assist, augment, or enhance motion and mobility in a variety of human motion applications and scenarios. The applications, ranging from providing power supplementation to assist the wearers to situations where human motion is resisted for exercising applications, cover a wide range of domains such as medical devices for patient rehabilitation training recovering from trauma, movement aids for disabled persons, personal care robots for providing daily living assistance, and reduction of physical burden in industrial and military applications. The development of effective and affordable wearable exoskeletons poses several design, control and modelling challenges to researchers and manufacturers. Novel technologies are therefore being developed in adaptive motion controllers, human-robot interaction control, biological sensors and actuators, materials and structures, etc.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) enables power to be transferred from a grid or storage unit to a device without the need for cable connections. This can be performed by inductive coupling of magnetic fields as well as by direct radiative transfer via beams of electromagnetic waves, commonly radiowaves, microwaves or lasers. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology with applications including charging handheld devices, RFID tags, chargers for implantable medical devices, and proposed systems for charging electric vehicles. Applications of radiative power transfer include solar power satellites and wireless powered drone aircraft.