Misinformation and Toxicity in Social Media: Concepts, methods, and applications

Social media has transformed the way information is shared, making it a powerful tool for communication, influence, and engagement. However, this has also led to significant challenges, such as the spread of fake news, misinformation, and hate speech, which can have severe social, political, and economic consequences. Detecting and mitigating these issues is crucial to ensuring the integrity of online discourse, protecting individuals from harm, and maintaining trust in digital platforms.