When Johann Adam Möhler published Symbolism in 1832, one commentator called it “the severest blow ever dealt to Protestantism.” It elicited a flurry of responses from both Protestants and Catholics, and the reactions ranged from praise to confusion and outrage. The most substantial answer came from Ferdinand Christian Baur, who published an entire monograph refuting Möhler. In response, Möhler not only began revising Symbolism, but also issued his own book-length response, New Considerations, which defended Catholic religion against Baur’s caricatures.

After his untimely death at age forty-two, the fate of Möhler’s work lay largely in the hands of publishers and loyal readers, who for a time issued editions of the New Considerations as the second volume of Symbolism. This trend ended in the twentieth century when New Considerations went out of print. Now, for the first time, it has been translated into English, and readers can see how Möhler, the greatest German Catholic theologian of his century, understood Catholicism and its most essential differences to Protestantism.

Grant Kaplan’s excellent and artful translation also provides an introduction that puts Möhler’s final work in its context and explains its abiding relevance for Catholic theology and for contemporary ecumenism.