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The first book-length study to reveal how women in exile shaped South Africa’s antiapartheid movement

This groundbreaking book explores the often-overlooked role of women in South Africa’s liberation movements, particularly within the African National Congress during its years in exile from 1960 to 1990. It examines how transformations in gender roles—though contested—were central to imagining a postapartheid South Africa.

Through an analysis of women’s diplomatic work and their advocacy for policies on sexual education, birth control, family life, and childcare, Rachel Sandwell challenges traditional narratives that have ignored or minimized women’s contributions. She highlights how South African women played a crucial role in connecting exiles to left-wing international organizations like the Women’s International Democratic Federation, positioning women as key figures in global anticolonial politics.

The book also explores how gender transformation was at the heart of the exiled antiapartheid movement’s vision for a free South Africa. Women fought for recognition beyond the role of “mothers of the nation,” sparking internal debates over revolutionary morality, the compatibility of motherhood with military service, and responses to sexual and domestic violence within the movement. These struggles mirrored broader ideological conflicts over nation building, belonging, and political identity as the African National Congress sought legitimacy as a government-in-exile.

Ultimately, National Liberation and the Political Life of Exile asks how we write histories of revolutionary movements—especially those that, despite their transformative ambitions, did not fully realize their goals. A vital contribution to feminist history, anticolonial studies, and the history of global liberation struggles, this book reshapes our understanding of gender and politics in the antiapartheid movement.

New South African Keywords sets out to do two things. The first is to provide a guide to the key words and key concepts that have come to shape public and political thought and debate in South Africa since 1994. The second purpose is to provide a compendium of cutting-edge thinking on the new society. In this respect some of the most exciting thinkers and commentators on South Africa have tried to capture the complexity of current debates. The result is a concise and insightful guide to postapartheid South Africa, which should be useful to students, citizens, tourists, business managers, decision makers—in fact, to anyone wanting to make sense of South African society today.

No Ordinary Letter reconstructs the intellectual world of rural South African women who, in 1959, mounted determined campaigns across Natal to resist the expanding policies of apartheid. Challenging Bantu Authorities, detrimental agricultural schemes, restrictions on movement, and the extension of pass laws to women, these organizers drew on knowledge rooted in the lived experience of farmwork, household management, and community governance. The book shows how women assessed their political circumstances and crafted strategies—some peaceful, some destructive—to make themselves heard in a system structured to ignore them.

Foregrounding women as thinkers as well as activists, No Ordinary Letter reveals how rural organizers theorized their positions under apartheid law and within patriarchal households and communities. Their repertoire of political understanding encompassed the daily violence of apartheid, local cultures of honor that enabled them to shame others into action, and finely honed skills for navigating the authority of elders, in-laws, and traditional leaders. When the Camperdown Native Commissioner asked why a group had destroyed government property, they replied, “We were really writing a letter to the authorities which they could read. If we had written an ordinary letter, you would not have replied.” Their explanation captures how an underlying logic of violence became a vehicle for extraordinary political communication.

At the same time, the book underscores the profound constraints shaping women’s choices: poverty, state repression, and the multiple patriarchies embedded within both the apartheid state and African communities. These overlapping systems meant that the immediate enforcers of apartheid policy were often African men with their own stakes in patriarchal arrangements. No Ordinary Letter offers a groundbreaking account of how rural women understood, navigated, and contested these entangled structures of power, providing a fresh view on political thought and resistance in apartheid South Africa.

The concept of Colouredness—being neither white nor black—has been pivotal to the brand of racial thinking particular to South African society. The nature of Coloured identity and its heritage of oppression has always been a matter of intense political and ideological contestation. Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community is the first systematic study of Coloured identity, its history, and its relevance to South African national life. Mohamed Adhikari engages with the debates and controversies thrown up by the identity’s troubled existence and challenges much of the conventional wisdom associated with it. A combination of wide-ranging thematic analyses and detailed case studies illustrates how Colouredness functioned as a social identity from the time of its emergence in the late nineteenth century through its adaptation to the postapartheid environment. Adhikari demonstrates how the interplay of marginality, racial hierarchy, assimilationist aspirations, negative racial stereotyping, class divisions, and ideological conflicts helped mold people’s sense of Colouredness over the past century. Knowledge of this history, and of the social and political dynamic that informed the articulation of a separate Coloured identity, is vital to an understanding of present-day complexities in South Africa.