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Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has moved from a peripheral generation option to a structural element of the modern electricity system. This shift in scale changes the central analytical question. When PV occupies only a marginal share of electricity supply, the dominant concern is deployment. Once PV becomes deeply embedded in the power system, however, the more consequential question is whether the installed fleet can deliver energy dependably over long operating lifetimes and under diverse field conditions.

The reliability of power electronic systems is a major concern because these systems are exposed to harsh environments, high stresses, and variable loads caused by the increasing proliferation of renewable power generation.

The importance of power electronic converters for electricity grid equipment is increasing due to the growing distribution-level penetration of renewable energy sources. The performance of the converters mostly depends on interactions between sources, loads, and their state of operation. These devices must be operated with safety and stability under normal conditions, fault conditions, overloads, as well as different operation modes. Therefore, enhanced control strategies of power electronic converters are necessary to improve system stability.

There are many ways to harness the renewable and emissions-free energy available from the Earth's oceans. The technologies include wave energy, tidal and current energy, and energy from thermal and salinity gradients. In addition, offshore wind energy and marine (floating) solar arrays offer a possibility to exploit vast resources that are far larger than those available onshore. The potential capacities range from many hundreds of gigawatts to terawatts of generation. These technologies could contribute a significant part of the global electricity demand; they are particularly suitable for providing sustainable power to marine regions and island communities and nations.