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An inclusive history of the professionalization of American scenic design

The figure of the American theatrical scenic designer first emerged in the early twentieth century. As productions moved away from standardized, painted scenery and toward individualized scenic design, the demand for talented new designers grew. Within decades, scenic designers reinvented themselves as professional artists. They ran their own studios, proudly displayed their names on Broadway playbills, and even appeared in magazine and television profiles. 

American Scenic Design and Freelance Professionalism tells the history of the field through the figures, institutions, and movements that helped create and shape the profession. Taking a unique sociological approach, theatre scholar David Bisaha examines the work that designers performed outside of theatrical productions. He shows how figures such as Lee Simonson, Norman Bel Geddes, Jo Mielziner, and Donald Oenslager constructed a freelance, professional identity for scenic designers by working within their labor union (United Scenic Artists Local 829), generating self-promotional press, building university curricula, and volunteering in wartime service. 

However, while new institutions provided autonomy and intellectual property rights for many, women, queer, and Black designers were not always welcome to join the organizations that protected freelance designers’ interests. Among others, Aline Bernstein, Emeline Roche, Perry Watkins, Peggy Clark, and James Reynolds were excluded from professional groups because of their identities. They nonetheless established themselves among the most successful designers of their time. Their stories expand the history of American scenic design by showing how professionalism won designers substantial benefits, yet also created legacies of exclusion with which American theatre is still reckoning.

Theatre History Studies (THS) is a peer-reviewed journal of theatre history and scholarship published annually since 1981 by the Mid-America Theatre Conference
 
THEATRE HISTORY STUDIES, VOLUME 38
 
PART I: Studies in Theatre History
 
ELIZABETH COEN
Hanswurst’s Public: Defending the Comic in the Theatres of Eighteenth-Century Vienna


BRIDGET MCFARLAND
“This Affair of a Theatre”: The Boston Theatre Controversy and the Americanization of the Stage
 
RYAN TVEDT
From Moscow to Simferopol: How the Russian Cubo-Futurists Accessed the Provinces
 
DANIELLA VINITSKI MOONEY
So Long Ago I Can’t Remember: GAle GAtes et al. and the 1990s Immersive Theatre
 
Part II: The Site-Based Theatre Audience Experience: Dramaturgy and Ethics
                —EDITED BY PENELOPE COLE AND RAND HARMON
 
PENELOPE COLE
Site-Based Theatre: The Beginning
 
PENELOPE COLE
Becoming the Mob: Mike Brookes and Mike Pearson’s Coriolan/us
 
SEAN BARTLEY
A Walk in the Park: David Levine’s Private Moment and Ethical Participation in Site-Based Performance
 
DAVID BISAHA
“I Want You to Feel Uncomfortable”: Adapting Participation in A 24-Decade History of Popular Music at San Francisco’s Curran Theatre
 
COLLEEN RUA
Navigating Neverland and Wonderland: Audience as Spect-Character
 
GUILLERMO AVILES-RODRIGUEZ, PENELOPE COLE, RAND HARMON, AND ERIN B. MEE
Ethics and Site-Based Theatre: A Curated Discussion
 
PART III: The Robert A. Schanke Award-Winning Essay from the 1038 Mid-America Theatre Conference
 
MICHELLE GRANSHAW
Inventing the Tramp: The Early Tramp Comic on the Variety Stage
 

A peer-reviewed journal of theatre history and scholarship published annually since 1981 by the Mid-America Theatre Conference

Theatre History Studies 2021, Vol. 40, edited by Lisa Jackson-Schebetta, marks the fortieth volume of the respected, peer-reviewed journal published by the Mid-America Theatre Conference, a leading forum for innovative scholarship in theatre and performance studies. Bringing together a diverse collection of essays from established and emerging scholars, this volume examines the intersections of theatre history, cultural memory, performance, identity, race, gender, and social change across a wide range of historical and contemporary contexts.

The volume opens with a series of studies that challenge conventional narratives of theatre history and performance. Contributors explore topics including Voltaire and Enlightenment thought, the contributions and erasure of African American artists within the Federal Theatre Project's Negro Unit, questions of empathy and historical consciousness in contemporary drama, and the influence of Asian aesthetics on the work of modern dance innovator Alwin Nikolais. Together, these essays demonstrate the ongoing importance of theatre history as a lens through which to understand cultural power, representation, and artistic expression.

A special section,"Witch Characters and Witchy Performance," investigates the enduring cultural fascination with witches on stage and in popular performance. Essays examine witchcraft in the works of Joanna Baillie and Shakespeare, representations of female bodies and power in Caryl Churchill's Vinegar Tom, the feminist dimensions of Wicked, and the immersive theatrical worlds of productions such as Sleep No More and Then She Fell. Through these studies, the collection highlights how witch figures continue to serve as powerful symbols for exploring gender, authority, resistance, and cultural imagination.

The volume also features the recipient of the Robert A. Schanke Award, recognizing outstanding scholarship presented at the Mid-America Theatre Conference. This essay examines the evolving relationship between Broadway and high school musical theatre in the 2010s, offering valuable insight into theatre education, performance culture, and the transmission of theatrical traditions to new generations.

In addition to original research articles, Theatre History Studies 2021, Vol. 40 includes scholarly book reviews, contributor notes, and discussions of recent publications in the field, making it an essential resource for researchers, educators, students, and theatre practitioners. By bringing together rigorous historical inquiry and contemporary critical perspectives, this landmark volume showcases the breadth, vitality, and continuing relevance of theatre and performance scholarship in the twenty-first century.

The official journal of the Mid-America Theatre Conference

Where past and performance converge—scholarship that moves the stage forward.

Theatre History Studies (THS) is a peer-reviewed journal of theatre history and scholarship published annually since 1981 by the Mid-America Theatre Conference (MATC), a regional body devoted to theatre scholarship and practice. The conference encompasses the states of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. The purpose of the conference is to unite persons and organizations within the region with an interest in theatre and to promote the growth and development of all forms of theatre. THS is a member of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals and is included in the MLA Directory of Periodicals. THS is indexed in Humanities Index, Humanities Abstracts, Book Review Index, MLA International Bibliography, International Bibliography of Theatre, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, IBZ International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, and IBR International Bibliography of Book Reviews. Full texts of essays appear in the databases of both Humanities Abstracts Full Text as well as SIRS.

Along with books reviews on the latest publications from established and emerging voices in the field, this issue of Theatre History Studies contains four sections with two introductions, nine essays, and eleven book reviews total. In the general section, three essays offer an array of insights, methods, and provocations. In the special section titled “Manifestos for Black Theatre, Then and Now,” contributors capture their moment, their ways of working, and their experience as scholars, humans, and citizens in 2023. In part III, Ariel Nereson’s Robert A. Schanke Research Award-winning paper from the 2023 MATC conference examines collective dance histories through the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company’s Continuous Replay. Taken together, volume 43 captures how this journal serves theatre historians as scholars and laborers as they work to attend and tend to their field.
 

CONTRIBUTORS

Daniel E. Atkinson / Ashlyn K. Barnett / David Bisaha / Jocelyn L. Buckner / Julie Burrell / Jordana Cox / Jordan Ealey / Eric M. Glover / Adam Goldstein / Chao Guo / Amy B. Huang / Ariel Nereson / Zachary F. Price / Danielle Rosvally / Letica L. Ridley / Bradford G. Sadler / Richard Sautter / Michael Schweikardt / Margo Skornia / Dennis Sloan / Josh Stenberg / Paul Michael Thomson / Scott Venters / Isaiah Matthew Wooden