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Jerome J. Langford's Galileo, Science, and the Church is widely recognized as a classic, balanced account of Galileo Galilei’s legendary 1633 confrontation with the Roman Catholic Inquisition. Moving past the overly polarized arguments of traditional polemicists and apologists, Langford contextualizes the "Galileo Affair" within its proper 17th-century historical, theological, and philosophical milieu. The book meticulously explores how the clash was less a fundamental war between science and faith, and more a complex dispute over scriptural interpretation, ecclesiastical authority, and the academic rigidities of Aristotelian philosophy. Through objective research, Langford demonstrates that this momentous historical drama still serves as a timeless case study on the enduring friction between institutional authority and the freedom of individual thought and expression.

Galileo’s telescopic discoveries, and especially his observation of sunspots, caused great debate in an age when the heavens were thought to be perfect and unchanging. Christoph Scheiner, a Jesuit mathematician, argued that sunspots were planets or moons crossing in front of the Sun. Galileo, on the other hand, countered that the spots were on or near the surface of the Sun itself, and he supported his position with a series of meticulous observations and mathematical demonstrations that eventually convinced even his rival.

On Sunspots collects the correspondence that constituted the public debate, including the first English translation of Scheiner’s two tracts as well as Galileo’s three letters, which have previously appeared only in abridged form. In addition, Albert Van Helden and Eileen Reeves have supplemented the correspondence with lengthy introductions, extensive notes, and a bibliography. The result will become the standard work on the subject, essential for students and historians of astronomy, the telescope, and early modern Catholicism.

Essays by many of the foremost experts on Galileo offer an interdisciplinary approach to the legendary scientist’s correspondence.

The Tuscan mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) is one of history’s most iconic and controversial figures. Letters form the backbone of what one early Galileo scholar called the “private Galileo,” and his correspondence is indeed a record of his family and friendships; his intellectual evolution; his professional interactions with other scientific figures; and his relations with patrons, brokers, and publishers. Last, but hardly least, his letters are a unique cultural artifact of Galileo the writer and master of vernacular prose. 

Galileo’s correspondence crossed Europe in public mail pouches, through diplomatic messengers, and was written in code. Today, there are 3,272 surviving letters to or from Galileo and his many friends, family members, disciples, and rivals across Europe. This volume examines these letters as an essential aspect of Galileo’s personal and scientific career. They are what the editors call his “experiments in friendship,” which enabled, abetted, and often served as early drafts of the theories in his published works. This collaborative volume brings together different approaches, case studies, and forms of expertise—historical and literary, intellectual and material, archival and digital. It is a must-read for all Galileo enthusiasts and anyone interested in how to make the most of a rich record of correspondence.