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Russia’s Black Genius: A Sourcebook on the African Heritage of Alexander Pushkin brings together primary sources related to the racialization of Russian poet Alexander Pushkin and his Afro-Russian great-grandfather, the military engineer and general Abram Petrovich Gannibal. While Pushkin is a canonical figure and renowned to this day as Russia’s national poet, his African heritage is often overlooked or poorly understood; meanwhile Gannibal, despite his compelling life story, has become a relatively obscure figure outside of Russia. Yet over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was common to find discussions of Pushkin’s Black and multiracial ancestry in books and periodicals on both sides of the Atlantic. Building on the work of a small but influential cohort of scholars and intellectuals who have illuminated the racial dimensions of Pushkin’s legacy, this volume makes primary and source materials available, often for the first time, to readers who are not fluent in the Russian language. Ranging from US criticism and English translations of Russian, German, and French texts to numerous accounts of Pushkin’s life and works penned by Black Americans, the texts in this sourcebook expand and complicate the historical reception of Pushkin in Europe and the United States. Through translation and interdisciplinary dialogue, Russia’s Black Genius brings one of Russia’s—and the world’s— foremost poets into conversation with a broader swath of global readers.
 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov was an author and soldier in service of the Russian tsar, active in the Prussian theater of the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–7) and in the Napoleonic Wars. In scholarship, he is better known by his birth name, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, and often referred to with the female pronouns bestowed upon him at birth. In this first book-length study of Aleksandrov, Ruth Averbach argues that we should understand this celebrated figure of Imperial Russia, whose sex was legally changed by Tsar Aleksandr I, simply as a man, one whose masculinity was intimately connected to the imperialist cause and Russian nationalism.

For the majority of his life, Aleksandrov lived, wrote, and fought as a man and was recognized as such by most of his contemporaries. This contradicts the dominant position in especially Western feminist scholarship, which understands “Durova” either as a woman so patriotic that she dressed as a man to fight Russia’s wars or as a woman so frustrated by gender restrictions that she dramatically sought to cast them aside. Averbach instead asserts that we should take Aleksandrov at his word and accept his transition as genuine. Doing so allows for fresh interpretations of both his autobiographical writings and his works of fiction, interpretations that Averbach deftly shows have salience not just for a single man’s life but also for how we understand masculinity, imperialism, and nationalism in nineteenth-century Russia more broadly.