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The pallium was effective because it was a gift with strings attached. This band of white wool encircling the shoulders had been a papal insigne and liturgical vestment since late antiquity. It grew in prominence when the popes began to bestow it regularly on other bishops as a mark of distinction and a sign of their bond to the Roman church. Bonds of Wool analyzes how, through adroit manipulation, this gift came to function as an instrument of papal influence. It explores an abundant array of evidence from diverse genres - including chronicles and letters, saints' lives and canonical collections, polemical treatises and liturgical commentaries, and hundreds of papal privileges - stretching from the eighth century to the thirteenth and representing nearly every region of Western Europe. These sources reveal that the papal conferral of the pallium was an occasion for intervening in local churches throughout the West and a means of examining, approving, and even disciplining key bishops, who were eventually required to request the pallium from Rome.

These nine essays, written by leading experts in the field, focus on the production and application of canon law at the local level. This broad theme permits many subjects to be explored: canonical collections produced in a particular locale by key figures in that area; local manuscript copies of widespread texts; administrative usages and canonical rules for churches within a certain area; specific synodal decrees important to regional ecclesiastical activity and governance; and the reception and adaptation of canonical norms and rules in a particular diocese or other venue. These studies collectively deepen our appreciation of the importance of canon law for people in their home churches and regions. They help us understand canon law in its decentralized, non-papally administered forms, across the full temporal range of the Middle Ages. The special value of these works lies in illuminating the pragmatic role of particular circumstances in adapting the church’s tradition in order to be relevant and to meet local needs.