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The book that made the modern world, reissued in its definitive scholarly form and featuring a new foreword from Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen.

First published in 1776, Adam Smith’s masterwork The Wealth of Nations formalized the first unified theory of modern economies—how human nature, public institutions, and private interests can coalesce in a society greater than the sum of its parts. More than 250 years later, it remains one of humanity’s most defining and lasting literary works.

This definitive edition includes Edwin Cannan’s famous annotations of the original text, accounting for both Smith’s early drafts and his lectures at the University of Glasgow, where he originated the book’s concepts. The result is the most complete edition of the work to date, maintaining unprecedented fidelity to Smith’s ideas and packaging them in fluent and elevating terms.

In a new foreword, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen offers context and contemporary incision for twenty-first-century readers, discussing the uses—and occasional misuses—of Smith’s ideas for the advancement of political agendas. The Wealth of Nations, Sen makes clear, is a book about societies, not just economies. “Smith’s economics accommodated his values,” he writes. As readers of The Wealth of Nations will discover and rediscover, those values prioritized the lives of everyday working people above all else.