American Indian English documents and examines the diversity of English in American Indian speech communities. It presents a convincing case for the fundamental influence of ancestral Native American languages on respective modern Indian English codes.

A distillation of over twenty years’ experience, William Leap’s pioneering work on the varieties of American Indian English explores the linguistic and sociolinguistic characteristics of language use among Navajo, Hopi, Mojave, Ute, Tsimshian, Kotzebue, Ponca, Chilcotin, Seminole, Cherokee, and other American Indian tribes.

Unlike contemporary studies on schooling, ethnicity, empowerment, and educational failure, American Indian English avoids postmodernist jargon and discourse strategies in favor of direct description and commentary. Data are derived from real-life conditions faced by speakers of Indian English in various English-speaking settings. This practical focus enhances the book’s accessibility to Indian educators and community-based teachers, as well as non-Indian academics.

Sociolinguistic Constructs of Ethnic Identity examines ethnic language boundaries displayed in the various uses of the verb be in a multiethnic community in Robeson County, North Carolina. Clare J. Dannenberg demonstrates that ethnic identity is a dynamic process that shifts over time and social space. Ethnic groups that have been stripped of their ancestral source language, like the Lumbee Indians, may be quite resilient and able to carve out unique language varieties in their replacement language.