This is a new and thorough revision of a recognized classic whose first edition was hailed as the most authoritative account in English of the governing of the Soviet Union. Now, with historical material rearranged in chronological order, and with seven new chapters covering most of the last fifteen years, this edition brings the Soviet Union fully into the light of modern history and political science.

The purposes of Fainsod's earlier editions were threefold: to explain the techniques used by the Bolsheviks and Stalin to gain control of the Russian political system; to describe the methods they employed to maintain command; and to speculate upon the likelihood oftheir continued control in the future. This new edition increases very substantially the attention paid to another aspect of the political process—how policy is formed, how the Soviet Union is governed. Whenever possible, Mr. Hough attempts to analyze the alignments and interrelationships between Soviet policy institutions. Moreover, he constantly moves beyond a description of these institutions to probe the way they work. Two chapters are devoted to the questions of individual political participation. Other chapters examine the internal organization of institutions and explore the ways in which the backgrounds of their officials influence their policy positions and alliances. The picture that emerges is an unprecedented account of the distribution of power in the Soviet Union.

Although the World War served to accentuate the sharp differences in ideology and tactics which already existed among the various branches of the socialist movement, it emphasized the official continuity between socialist theory and the application of that theory under stress of war. From the beginning, however, the growth of the Left School, which was committed to efforts towards transforming the war between nations into a war between classes, had most significance. Their prestige was immeasurably increased by the triumph of the Bolsheviks in Russia, and at length the meeting of the Communist International at Moscow in March 1919 completed the disintegration of the Second International. Mr Fainsod, who has made a thorough study of the sources, presents an illuminating account of events both within and without the socialist party.