Energy provision for low income or remote communities is a difficult challenge, with many still depending on polluting and costly fossil fuels. Transporting energy is a further problem since some communities are only accessible during brief periods of the year. Local energy generation is a key solution, but technical challenges need to be overcome.

The intermittency of renewable energy sources is making increased deployment of storage technology necessary. Technologies are needed with high round-trip efficiency and at low cost to allow renewables to undercut fossil fuels. The cost of lithium batteries has fallen, but producing them comes with a substantial carbon footprint, as well as a cost to the local environment.

Turbulence in transportation occurs in the aerodynamics of vehicles, hydrodynamics of watercrafts, and combustion engines, amongst others. Turbulent flows can greatly affect the performance of vehicles, from air and water resistance, noise, and combustion quality. But it can also be exploited to improve the efficiency of the involved engineering operations. Understanding how turbulence effects occur within various transport modes can help engineers build better performing and safer vehicles, and overall improve transport networks.