Socratic Logic 3e pbk: A Logic Text Using Socratic Method, Platonic Questions, and Aristotelian Principles

Contents 
PREFACE ix 
INTRODUCTION 1 
1. What good is logic? 1 
2. Seventeen ways this book is different 9 
3. The two logics (P)* 15 
4. All of logic in two pages: an overview (B)* 26 
5. The three acts of the mind (B) 28 
I. THE FIRST ACT OF THE MIND: UNDERSTANDING 35 
1. Understanding: the thing that distinguishes man from both beast and computer (P) 35 
2. Concepts, terms and words (P) 40 
3. The ¿problem of universals¿ (P) 41 
4. The comprehension and extension of terms 43 
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II. TERMS 47 
1. Classifying terms 47 
2. Categories (B) 54 
3. Predicables (B) 56 
4. Division (B) 62 
III. MATERIAL FALLACIES 68 
1. Fallacies of language 71 
2. Fallacies of diversion 80 
3. Fallacies of oversimplification 86 4, Fallacies of argumentation 92 
* See p. 13, last paragraph. 
5. Inductive fallacies 100 6, Procedural fallacies 104 
7. Metaphysical fallacies 109 
8. Short Story: ¿Love Is a Fallacy¿ 114 
IV. DEFINITION 123 
1. The nature of definition (B) 123 
2. The rules of definition (B) 124 
3. The kinds of definition 124 4, The limits of definition 129 
V. SECOND ACT OF THE MIND: JUDGMENT 138 
1. Judgments, propositions, and sentences 138 
2. What is truth? (P) 143 
3. The four kinds of categorical propositions (B) 145 
4. Logical form (B) 147 
5. Euler¿s circles (B) 152 
6. Tricky propositions 153 
7. The distribution of terms 163 
VI. CHANGING PROPOSITIONS 166 
1. Immediate inference 166 
2. Conversion (B) 167 
3. Obversion (B) 170 
4. Contraposition 171 
VII. CONTRADICTION 173 
1. What is contradiction? (B) 173 
2. The Square of Opposition (B) 174 
3. Existential import (P) 179 
4. Tricky propositions on the Square 181 
5. Some practical uses of the Square of Opposition 183 
VIII. THE THIRD ACT OF THE MIND: REASONING 186 
1. What does ¿reason¿ mean? (P) 186 
2. The ultimate foundations of the syllogism (P) 187 
3. How to detect arguments 190 
4. Arguments vs. explanations 193 
5. Truth and validity 194 
IX. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ARGUMENTS 200 
1. Three meanings of ¿because¿ 200 
2. The four causes (P) 202 
3. A classification of arguments 205 
4. Simple argument maps (B) 206 
5. Deductive and inductive arguments (B) 210 
6. Combining deduction and induction: Socratic method (P) 211 
X. SYLLOGISMS 215 
1. The structure and strategy of the syllogism (B) 215 
2. The skeptic¿s objection to the syllogism (P) 219 
3. The empiricist¿s objection to the syllogism (P) 222 
4. Demonstrative syllogisms 230 
5. How to construct convincing syllogisms (B) 232 
XI. CHECKING SYLLOGISMS FOR VALIDITY 237 
1. By Euler¿s Circles (B) 237 
2. By Aristotle¿s six rules (B) 242 
3. ¿Barbara Celarent¿: mood and figure 257 
4. Venn Diagrams 258 
XII. MORE DIFFICULT SYLLOGISMS 264 
1. Enthymemes: abbreviated syllogisms (B) 264 
2. Sorites: chain syllogisms 275 
3. Epicheiremas: multiple syllogisms (B) 279 
4. Complex argument maps 282 
XIII. COMPOUND SYLLOGISMS 289 
1. Hypothetical syllogisms (B) 289 
2. ¿Reductio ad absurdum¿ arguments 294 
3. The practical syllogism: arguing about means and ends 296 
4. Disjunctive syllogisms (B) 301 
5. Conjunctive syllogisms (B) 303 
6. Dilemmas (B) 306 
XIV. INDUCTION 313 
1. What is induction? 313 
2. Generalization 315 
3. Causal induction: Mill¿s methods 319 
4. Scientific hypotheses 325 
5. Statistical probability 328 
6. Arguments from analogy 329 
7. A fortiori and a minore arguments 335 
XV. SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC 342 
1. How to write a logical essay 342 
2. How to write a Socratic dialogue 344 
3. How to have a Socratic debate 347 
4. How to use Socratic method on difficult people 350 
5. How to read a book Socratically 356 
XVI. SOME PHILOSOPHICAL APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC 358 
1. Logic and theology (P) 358 
2. Logic and metaphysics (P) 359 
3. Logic and cosmology (P) 360 
4. Logic and philosophical anthropology (P) 360 
5. Logic and epistemology (P) 362 
6. Logic and ethics (P) 362 
APPENDIX: PROBLEMS WITH MATHMATICAL LOGIC 364 
1. Basic modern logic 364 
2. The paradoxes of material implication 366 
3. Responses to the paradoxes of material implication 367 
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED EXERCISES 370 
INDEX OF PRINCIPAL NAMES 398