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The application areas of batteries are currently booming. The recent generation of devices combines a high energy density with a reasonable cost and life expectancy, making them suitable not only for cars but also electric bikes, scooters, forklifts, gardening and household tools, storage batteries as well as airborne applications such as drones, helicopters, and small airplanes.

Batteries are of vital importance for storing intermittent renewable energy for stationary and mobile applications. In order to charge the battery and maintain its capacity, the states of the battery - such as the current charge, safety and health, but also quantities that cannot be measured directly - need to be known to the battery management system. State estimation estimates the electrical state of a system by eliminating inaccuracies and errors from measurement data. Numerous methods and techniques are used for lithium-ion and other batteries. The various battery models seek to simplify the circuitry used in the battery management system.

Bifacial photovoltaic technology has completed its transition from an emerging innovation to a mainstream solution within the solar industry. Bifacial modules are no longer regarded as a niche product and are now widely deployed, representing the predominant choice in most utility scale, commercial and many other solar projects. The change is being driven by the ability of bifacial PV systems to significantly increase energy yield and reduce levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Double-glass bifacial modules, in particular, offer durability, long-term stability, and enhanced performance in diverse environmental conditions.

Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions.