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Fatwas and Court Judgments: A Genre Analysis of Arabic Legal Opinion uses a genre analysis approach to investigate how Arabic legal opinion is linguistically and rhetorically constructed in two culturally significant types of texts: secular court judgments and fatwas, the Islamic edicts based on sharii’a law. Ahmed Fakhri’s analysis shows that the court judgments exhibit several Western-inspired features, particularly the complexity of syntax and the rhetorical moves utilized to construct arguments. But the fatwas maintain conventional Arabic patterns of persuasion, such as citing religious texts, relying on affective appeal, and offering moral advice. Showing how these two radically different rhetorical traditions coexist, Fatwas and Court Judgments totally re-conceptualizes Arabic legal argumentation by highlighting its diverse sources and hybridity.
 
The differences between the two genres stem from elements of their socio-cultural context, such as the role relations of the participants and the characteristics of the institutions to which the genres belong. Moving beyond these contexts, Fatwas and Court Judgments reveals generic practices that have broad implications for understanding various aspects of wider Arab culture, including the tension between modern secular ideologies and traditional religious beliefs, the male-dominated access to discourse, and the prevalence of utilitarian attitudes exhibited in “fatwa shopping.”

The meaning of any linguistic expression resides not only in the words, but also in the ways that those words are conveyed. In her new study, Miako N. P. Rankin highlights the crucial interrelatedness of form and meaning at all levels in order to consider specific types of American Sign Language (ASL) expression. In particular, Form, Meaning, and Focus in American Sign Language considers how ASL expresses non-agent focus, similar to the meaning of passive voice in English.

       Rankin’s analyses of the form-meaning correspondences of ASL expressions of non-agent focus reveals an underlying pattern that can be traced across sentence and verb types. This pattern produces meanings with various levels of focus on the agent. Rankin has determined in her meticulous study that the pattern of form-meaning characteristic of non-agent focus in ASL is used prolifically in day-to-day language. The recognition of the frequency of this pattern holds implications regarding the acquisition of ASL, the development of curricula for teaching ASL, and the analysis of ASL discourse in effective interpretation.

As it becomes impossible to imagine a world without a World Wide Web, information organization, delivery, and production have converged on the simple principle of marking up information for given audiences.

From A to investigates the relationship between media and culture by articulating questions regarding the role of markup. How do the codes of HTML, CSS, PHP, and other markup languages affect the Web's everyday uses? How do these languages shape the Web's communicative functions? This novel inquiry positions markup as the basis of our cultural, rhetorical, and communicative understanding of the Web.

Contributors: Sarah J. Arroyo, CSU Long Beach; Jennifer L. Bay, Purdue U; Helen J. Burgess, U of Maryland, Baltimore County; Michelle Glaros, Centenary College of Louisiana; Matthew K. Gold, NYCC of Technology; Cynthia Haynes, Clemson U; Rudy McDaniel, U of Central Florida; Colleen A. Reilly, UNC, Wilmington; Thomas Rickert, Purdue U; Brendan Riley, Columbia College Chicago; Sae Lynne Schatz, U of Central Florida; Bob Whipple, Creighton U; Brian Willems, U of Split, Croatia.