For anyone interested in visual communication, a training guide for evaluating and developing visual metaphors for the big ideas in science and technology, an essential skill for journal submissions, grant applications, and public understanding.
 
As a scientist, engineer, or other researcher, you may have written an abstract. In a paragraph, you explain the purpose of your research, your approach, the questions you have asked and answered, and your work’s impact. The abstract is a summary and an invitation—to read the paper, attend your talk, and join you in your thinking. You may even have been asked to create a visual abstract—a single image—to achieve the same goals. As a designer or public information officer, you may have had a similar brief—to explain a compelling subject with a visual for a journal cover or press release. And yet, this important skill—devising visual metaphors—isn’t typically taught. With her decades of experience creating compelling images and instructing MIT researchers, award-winning photographer and science communicator Felice C. Frankel helps readers evaluate and create their own visual abstractions.
 
Like in her other books in the Visual Elements series, on photography and design, Frankel asks readers to evaluate different choices—for example, in conveying the uncertainty of a hurricane’s path or the organization of the Standard Model for elementary particles. But in Abstraction, she offers more. With examples from science, engineering, and beyond, the book helps readers consider and evaluate the visuals around them and determine how they work and when they fail. Is this representation the best for communication? Will these abstractions continue to invite others to think more deeply about my research? Will they mislead? Will they help my ideas evolve? Frankel invites researchers to think about the many meanings behind their images—and, in turn, more deeply about their research.

Felice C. Frankel is an award-winning science photographer and research scientist in the Department of Chemical Engineering, with support from Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Working in collaboration with scientists and engineers, Frankel has had images appear in Nature, Science, Cell, TheNew York Times, National Geographic, PNAS, Newsweek, Scientific American, Discover, Popular Science, and New Scientist, among others. She is coauthor of Visual Strategies and the author of Picturing Science and Engineering; The Visual Elements—Photography and The Visual Elements—Design, both also published by the University of Chicago Press; and, most recently, Phenomenal Moments: Revealing the Hidden Science Around Us.

Introduction
1. Illustrations
2. Notations
3. Systems
4. Uncertainty
5. Metaphors
6. Picturing the Future

Acknowledgments
Notes
Credits