This is volume 54 issue 1-2 of The Sixteenth Century Journal. The Sixteenth Century Journal (SCJ) publishes research and inquiry related to the sixteenth century broadly defined (1450-1650) in all fields and all world regions. The international readership and authorship of the SCJ include leaders in their fields as well as early career scholars. As its subtitle, The Journal of Early Modern Studies, indicates, the SCJ is an interdisciplinary journal, with articles in history, art history, literature, religious studies, gender studies, the history of science, music, material culture, and many other fields.