Contents
Chinese Dynasties and Other Useful Information xiii
Introduction 1
Part One Early Models for Later Ages 11
Chapter 1 Women On and Behind the Throne 17
Ban Zhao 17
Poets, Teachers, Moralists 42
Poets of the Inner Palace: Zuo Fen, Han Lanying,
and Bao Linghui 43
Teachers of Men: Fu Sheng's Daughter and Wei
Cheng's Mother 52
Moralists: The Song Sisters and Lady Zheng 55
Shangguan Wan'er: Ghostwriter for Two Empresses 61
Chapter 2 Neglected Palace Ladies and Other Phantoms 73
Slandered Virtue: Concubine Ban 77
Fact and Fiction: Phantom Poems and Phantom Lives 82
Reduced to a Human Pig: Lady Qi 82
A Disputed Beauty: Empress Zhen 85
Banished Beyond the Border: Liu Xijun and
Wang Zhaojun 91
A Lonely Suicide: Lady Hou 95
Displaced by a Rival: Concubine Plum 100
Other Phantoms 108
The Eloping Widow: Zhuo Wenjun 108
Abducted and Ramsomed: Cai Yan 112
Palindromes: Su Hui 127
Chapter 3 Ladies, Nuns, and Courtesans 132
Brilliant Daughters and Dutiful Wives 132
The Poet of a Single Poem: Xu Shu 132
The Poet of a Single Line: Xie Daoyun 137
Poet and Editorial Advisor: Lady Chen 144
Different Voices: Liu Lingxian 146
Buddhist Nuns and Daoist Mystics 153
Buddhist Nuns 153
Powerful Abbesses 154
Revealed Sutras 156
Poems by Nuns 158
Daoist Mystics 159
Revealer of Texts: Wei Huacun 159
Princess and Peasant Girl: Yuzhen
and Wang Fajin 160
Self-Censoring Ladies and Public Women 163
Self-Censoring Ladies 164
Burned Manuscripts 164
Multiple Personalities 165
Conversations in Dreams 168
Public Women 174
Poet and Traitor: Li Ye 176
Courtesan and Collator: Xue Tao 182
Concubine, Daoist Nun, and Murderer:
Yu Xuanji 189
Part Two Between New Possibilities and New Limitations 197
Chapter 4 Li Qingzhao 204
Li Qingzhao's Life 204
Li Qingzhao's Poetry 217
The Rise of the Ci 217
Lady Wei's Lyrics 221
Li Qingzhao's Lyrics 225
Li Qingzhao's Ci-Criticism 234
Li Qingzhao and Her Critics 237
Li Qingzhao's Poems 241
Chapter 5 Talent and Fate 244
An Unhappy Marriage: Zhu Shuzhen 244
Doomed Love: Zhang Yuniang 257
A Wifely Poetics: Zheng Yunduan 269
Guan Daosheng and Huang E 280
Artist and Artist's Wife: Guan Daosheng 281
An Exile's Wife: Huang E 287
Chapter 6 Empresses, Nuns, and Actresses 292
Empresses and Palace Ladies 292
Lady Huarui and Her Palace Songs 293
Empress Yang and More Palace Songs 298
Xiao Guanyin and Her Sorry Fate 300
Empress Xu and the Bodhisattva Guanyin 304
Nuns 319
Chan Buddhism and Women 320
Miaodao, Miaozong, and Other Female Disciples
of Chan Master Dahui Zonggao 323
Other Writing Nuns 329
Courtesans and Actresses 333
Courtesan, Poet, and Philosopher: Wen Wan 334
Smartass Wang and the Romance of
Su Xiaoqing 336
Part Three The First High Tide of Women's Literature 347
Chapter 7 Courtesans 359
Liang Xiaoyu and the Tale of Huang Chonggu 359
Jing Pianpian and Ma Xiaolan 364
Wang Wei and Yang Wan 368
Liu Shi 374
Chapter 8 Matrons and Maidens 383
Shen Yixiu and Her Daughters 383
Shen Yixiu 383
Ye Xiaoluan 390
Ye Wanwan 406
Huichou 409
Gu Ruopu and Liang Mengzhao 414
Gu Ruopu 414
Liang Mengzhao 420
Chapter 9 Women Writers of the Conquest Period 425
Shang Jinglan and Xu Can 426
A Loyalist's Widow: Shang Jinglan 426
Exiled to Manchuria: Xu Can 431
Wang Duanshu and Huang Yuanjie 437
Ming Loyalist: Wang Duanshu 437
Painter, Calligrapher, and Poet: Huang Yuanjie 452
Writing Nuns 455
Teacher and Convent-Builder: Yikui Chaochen 457
Pilgrimage and Poetry: Jizong Xingche 464
Chapter 10 The Banana Garden Poetry Club 471
Gu Zhiqiong 473
Chai Jingyi 475
Feng Xian 477
Qian Fenglun 478
Lin Yining 486
Gu Si 487
Zhu Rouze 489
Zhang Hao 492
Mao Ti 493
Interlude Ideal and Reality 497
Chapter 11 Ideal 499
Du Liniang and Her Female Commentators 500
Long-Suffering Concubines 504
Xiaoqing 504
Skinny Mares 515
Poems on Walls 518
Lyrics on Flower Petals: Shuangqing 520
Chapter 12 Reality 542
In a Script of Their Own 543
Formalized Friendship 544
Getting Married 547
Autobiographical Ballads 553
The Sorrows of Pregnancy and Motherhood 557
How to Escape the Female Condition 562
Part Four The Second High Tide of Women's Literature 567
Chapter 13 Poetry 578
Poetry and Piety 578
Tao Shan 578
Jiang Zhu 588
Disciples of Yuan Mei 593
Xi Peilan 593
Luo Qilan 612
Poetry, Scholarship, and Vernacular Prose Fiction 620
Wang Duan 620
Gu Chun (Taiqing) 630
Women and Warfare 652
Zhang Chaixin 652
Zhang Yin 656
Li Changxia 668
Chapter 14 Drama 677
Cross-Dressing Heroines: Wang Yun and He Peizhu 677
Playwright and Lyricism: Wu Zao 685
Moral Fables and Special Effects: Liu Qingyun 701
Chapter 15 Plucking Rhymes 717
A Rain of Heavenly Flowers 719
Text and Performance: Zhu Suxian 729
Karmic Bonds of Reincarnation: Chen Duansheng
and Hou Zhi 734
Other Plucking Rhymes 754
More Cross-Dressing Heroines 754
Loyalty and Patriotism 761
Epilogue Nationalism and Feminism: Qiu Jin 765
Chapter 16 The Beheaded Feminist: Qiu Jin 767
Poet and Nationalist 768
Student and Feminist 779
Teacher and Revolutionary 794
Reference Matter
Bibliography of Chinese Sources 811
Suggested Readings 819
Finding List 837
Glossary 872
Index 886